الہامی مذاہب میں مشترکہ اخلاقیات کا تصور

The purpose of this paper is to guide about the main reason of clashes between revealed religions in the society. We do not clarify our vision regarding religion. People do not know about the basic ethics of our religions. So, it creates moral illness in the society. We have narrow approaches about religion and took it in very conservative thoughts. For getting out of extreme level of destruction and moral degradation it is necessary to build a universal society which consists of those social values which are common in all religions. People are inclined towards ills and far away from God that is why our society is a victim of destruction. These ills made them to go far away from God and religion. In the present era the situation is the same, people do not understand the religion properly. Only through this proper understanding, destruction, prejudice, extremism and cruelty can be removed from the society. All the religions have some common features as justice, honesty, courtesy, patience etc these features are the ethical as well as religious codes of a society and if all people follow these features an ideal society can be established. This study covers revealed religions all around the world.

Enhancing Students Understanding of Chemical Bonding Through Inquiry - Based Teaching

This action research reports on the process and findings of a study undertaken in a private school that aimed at enhancing students’ understanding of chemical bonding using inquiry-based teaching (IBT). The concept of ‘chemical bonding’ is fundamental in teaching chemistry; and therefore, a thorough understanding of it is essential to understand other topics in chemistry. Research studies have shown that due to the traditional pedagogical approaches for teaching chemical bonding, high school students around the world lack fundamental understanding of chemical bonding (Nahum, Mamlok-Naaman, Hofstein, & Krajcik, 2007). This is true of Pakistani science teachers also who mostly apply the traditional way of teaching in the classrooms. As a result of traditional way of teaching, conceptual understanding of students does not occur. Therefore, employing action research methodology based on the Kemmis, MC Taggart and Retallick (2004) model, this study was conducted to explore how IBT enhances students’ conceptual understanding of chemical bonding of lower secondary students in a private school in Karachi (Pakistan). Altogether six lessons were taught in three cycles in the participant class. Data were collected through observations, personnel reflections, pre- and post-tests, interview and informal discussions. Data were analysed qualitatively and findings revealed that IBT enhanced students’ conceptual understanding of covalent bonding significantly and improvement in students’ achievements was seen in the post-test. This study also highlighted the promoting and hindering factors in the implementation of IBT in a lower secondary class in a private school. The study has implications for science teachers as well as teacher educators in their teaching of science generally and chemistry particularly. The study also presents recommendations for future studies.