اسلام کے عبوری قوانین

Being the natural religion, Islam demands peaceful, liberal and civilized society. To achieve this goal Islam introduces two types of laws; permanent and Transitional law. Permanent law are those which are abide by every person of the Muslim society i.e Marriage laws, economic laws, political laws, Family laws, heir ship laws, social laws and other such laws. On the other hand there are some temporary or Transitional laws; i.e War laws, Divorce laws, laws for Slave or laws to end slavery, Criminal Laws (Qis┐s, Diyat, Rajam and Lashes etc), there laws are put into practice only in conditional situations. After achieving the goal these Transitional laws are no more in practice. Islam is complete code of life and gives Laws and Rules for any situation. Islam is natural and liberal religion, its laws since beginning are very much practicable and result oriented. Whenever and where ever Islamic laws have been put into practice society has got its fruits. In this article Islamic Transitional Law are briefly discussed to understand the background of transitional laws. Detail of these laws can be seen in Hadith and Fiqah books.

Performance Analysis and Enhancement of Phased-Mimo Radar and Frequency Diverse Array Radar

Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar and frequency diverse array (FDA) radar have gained significant attention from researchers community due to their numerous advantages over the phased-array radars. The distinguishing features of MIMO radar and FDA radar are waveform diversity and frequency diversity, respectively, while their phased-array counterpart lacks any such diversity. The hybridization form of MIMO and phased-array radars, called phased-MIMO radar, has also attracted the researchers attention due to its capability of combining the benefits of both. In this dissertation, phased-MIMO radar with closely spaced antennas and FDA radar with small inter-antenna frequency offset have been studied. To analyse the performance of radar, ambiguity function has proved to be a useful foundation. We have formulated ambiguity functions of phased- MIMO and FDA radars and derived their important mathematical properties. We have shown that FDA radar can promise better range resolution as compared to that of phased-array radar. For FDA we have proposed two novel schemes of inter-antenna frequency offset. Firstly, it is the time-dependent frequency offset as compared to the constant offset in the existing FDA. With the proposed idea a range-dependent beampattern can be synthesized with the maximum constantly illuminating the given target location. This is in contrast to the time-modulated beampattern with constant frequency offset. Secondly, we have proposed non-uniform (logarithmically increasing) frequency offset as compared to the uniform offset in the existing FDA. The proposed frequency offset promises a beampattern with a maximum only at the given target location. On the contrary, beampattern of FDA with uniform frequency offset exhibits multiple maxima in the visible range. The proposed schemes can provide a strong foundation for the development of modern radars capable of scanning the space more intelligently. We have investigated the proposed schemes only for linear array but they can be extended to planar arrays to scan the space in three dimensions.