استنباط احکام میں حضرت عائشہ کا منہج قرآن کریم کی روشنی میں

In this article an effort has been made to describe Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) ’s methodology of derivation of Ahk฀m from Holy Quran. Holy Quran and Sunnah of Holy Prophet (S. A. W) is basic source of Islamic Shar฀‘ah. Hazrat ‘฀ishah Sidd฀qah (R. A) was the wife of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W), and the daughter of Hazrat Ab฀ Bakr (R. A). She spent her time in learning and acquiring knowledge of the two most important sources of Islam, the Qur'an and the Sunnah of His Prophet (S. A. W). Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) narrated 2210 Ah฀d฀th out of which 174 Ah฀d฀th are commonly agreed upon by Bukh฀ri and Muslim. She was an ardent and zealous student of Islamic jurisprudence. She has not only described Ah฀d฀th and reported her observations of events, but interpreted them for derivation of Ahk฀m. Umm Al-Mu’min฀n Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) is a great scholar and interpreter of Islam, providing guidance to even the greatest of the Companions (R. A) of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S. A. W). She has not only described Ah฀d฀th and reported her observations of events, but interpreted them for derivation of Ahk฀m. Whenever necessary, she corrected the views of the greatest of the Companions of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W). It is thus recognized, from the earliest times in Islam, that about one-fourth of Islamic Shar฀‘ah is based on reports and interpretations that have come from Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A). As a teacher she had a clear and persuasive manner of speech. Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) is a role model for women. She taught Islam many people. She was an authority on many matters of Islamic Law, especially those concerning women.

Implementation of an Integrated Curriculum

This study is based on the investigation of the process of implementation of an integrated curriculum. The fieldwork for the study was done in one of the private school Karachi, Pakistan. A total of seven participants and three classrooms for observations were included in this study. Interviews, observations and document analysis were the major tools for collecting data. As a result of the qualitative analysis of the data, the study has come up with some major findings. Some of the findings relate well with the literature and some tend to go in a different direction. In the present context of the school, the concept of integrated curriculum is not clear in the minds of the teachers. Teachers say they use activities and do practical work to teach our children but observation has shown it is difficult for them to do practical work. They are using teacher-directed method in the classroom. It is difficult for a single teacher to manage practical work. The activities are mostly paper-pencil work. Teaching through integrated curriculum is a difficult task in the Pakistani context, where teachers are transmitting knowledge to the children. Teachers need to be given the clear understanding of the task and its objectives; otherwise the implementation will not be successful. For successful implementation the whole staff in the school, especially the teachers, needs to be involved. Without their involvement it is difficult to de design/plan a curriculum, where children are given more opportunities to participate in the class rather than teachers doing everything. For an integrated curriculum teachers see at the needs and interest of the child and select the themes for their study. In the present practice, the curriculum manual has been given to the teachers to follow exactly as it is with activities as well, no teacher involvement has occurred. Teaching through an integrated curriculum requires teachers to play different roles such as a facilitator, a planner and a guide. But the present situation in the school shows the teacher to be a dictator. Classes are teacher-centered instead of being child-centered. Teacher's role needs to guide and help children whenever they are in need rather than simply giving instructions. There are some challenges as well that the school is facing. The major challenge is assessment in an integrated curriculum. The school is struggling as to how to do t assessment. They were doing daily assessments two years back when they