البعد الأخلاقي في سياسة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم

The Arab’s tribes were diverse and were scattered all over Arabia. They were alien to any system, were unfamiliar of any rules and regulations. When the prophet PBUH came to them, He gently handled them, made them lenient, gathered them at the one true platform and eventually he was succeeded in uplifting them into the bondage of brotherhood. He guided them towards the political structure so that they can live under its shadow and follow its rules and regulations. He trained amongst them Preachers, judges, leaders and politicians. He sent his messengers to all the rulers of the worlds. These messengers were able to shake the Persians and Roman thrones which were considered the greatest empires of that time. They all got united against this newly arising force which later brought the greatest revolution in the history of humankind. The solutions presented by the Prophet PBUH while confronting the challenges in spreading his message,  enjoy the political wit, which is considered far better than the wit of political scholars and political tycoons. His ability of prior reading of the incidents, uncovers his huge potential in his prior dealing of the matters and suggesting its solutions and substitutes. His policies played a vital role in establishing the prior relations with Njashi, and later to facilitate the Muslims during their first immigration towards Abyssinia from the cruelty of the idolaters. Moreover, He chose the best time for the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and Conquest of Mecca. He chose among his companions the one who knew the International languages and sent them as his Ambassadors to the rulers and tribal chiefs along with his written or verbal messages. He addressed the each with the method appropriate to him and suited him the best. He made best use of alliance, as he alienated the Arab tribes, from Jews and the others. In this way he was able to take a huge time to concentrate on those nations and was able to make a lot of allies. In his internal policy matters, he always tried to solve his problems, developing the society and to sabotage the malicious intentions which were planned by hypocrites, who were considered as his most dangerous enemies. His policy towards them was to admit apparently and leaving their unrevealed intentions to ALLAH. He treated them well, because he was anxious on preserving the freedom of all and the unity among his companions. When their malicious intentions started turning to become a threat to the security of Islam and started harming the interests of the society, He had not reply them strongly and dissuasively. He demolished the Mosque through which they were planning to harm the Muslim community. Moreover, he drew a line to their plans of aggression without harming anyone. He was very witty in his policies through which he was able to defeat them in the end. In this way he was able to change the course of the whole history on mankind. In this research we will try to deal with his moral wit which is considered the main characteristic of his policy.

Synthesis of Amino Acids by Click Chemistry

This dissertation is about the synthesis of amino acids i.e. L-alanine, D-phenylalanine, D-homoalanine, D-ornithine and D-lysine using Strecker synthesis. For this purpose, different aldehydes were treated with ammonia to synthesize imino derivatives which are treated with aqueous solution of cyanides. The resultant α-aminonitriles are subjected to acidic hydrolysis to form α-amino acids. Furthermore, the synthesis of nickelocene amino acids was then carried out using click chemistry. Moreover, nickelocene is first treated with acetic anhydride in the presence of phosphoric acid then acetyl nickelocene was obtained. After acetylation of nickelocene the compound acetyl nickelocene was reacted with phosphorous oxychloride in the presence of inert atmosphere at 0 °C then an organometallic novel compound of ethynyl nickelocene was synthesized as a precursor for variety of new compounds. To follow the click chemistry methodology this above titled compound ethynyl nickelocene was further reacted with different azides of amino acids like 3-Azido-L-Alanine, 4-Azido-D-phenylalanine, 4-Azido-D-Homoalanine, 5-Azido-D-Ornithine and 6-Azido-D-Lysine in the presence of CuI as a catalyst to obtained nickelocene amino acids. Click chemistry is a synthetic approach in which small building blocks are used or joining two or more than two reagents to make practical and best reliable chemical transformations. In this synthetic approach chemists synthesize the novel compounds and the precursors for further synthesis with greater yield. The applications of click chemistry are numerous especially in drug discovery, combinatorial chemistry, bioconjugation, and research in DNA and proteomics. The use of click chemistry also extended to find structure activity relationship between different chemicals to produce analogue of chemical libraries. There are different types of click reactions performed by the researchers. Here copper catalyzed cyclo-addition reaction was performed to synthesize the novel organometallic compounds. The coupling reactions in which terminal alkynes and azides are taking part and follow the “Copper catalyzed cycloaddition reactions” methodology in click chemistry. The synthesized nickelocene amino acids (organometallic compounds) were characterized by FT-IR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR respectively. Antimicrobial activity of synthesized bioconjugates was also evaluated against various bacterial and fungal strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger.