پروفیسر افغان اﷲ
یہ خبر افسوس ناک ہے کہ اردو کے ایک اور خدمت گزار پروفیسر افغان اﷲ خاں صاحب نے بھی اچانک آخرت کا رخت سفر باندھ لیا، ایک سمینار میں شرکت کے لیے انہوں نے دہلی کا سفر کیا تھا لیکن کیا خبر تھی کہ یہ اس دنیا کے آخری سفر کی تیاری تھی، سمینار کے پہلے روز وہ پورے نشاط کے ساتھ مختلف نشستوں میں شریک رہے، دوسرے روز دل میں درد اٹھا جس نے دنیا کے ہر دکھ سے ان کو نجات دے دی، وہ گورکھ پور یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو کے صدر تھے، سکونت بھی اسی شہر میں تھی لیکن رہنے والے اصلاً وہ اعظم گڑھ کے ایک گاؤں خالص پور کے تھے شروع سے ذہین تھے، فراق گورکھ پوری پر جناب محمود الٰہی کے زیر نگرانی پی ایچ ڈی کی سند حاصل کی اور اس شان سے کہ موضوع پر یہ مقالہ خود سند بن گیا، کئی کتابیں سپرد قلم کیں، تاریخ ہند سے متعلق طراز ظہیری ان کی آخری تالیف تھی، باغ و بہار شخصیت کے مالک تھے، دارالمصنفین سے رشتہ اخلاص تھا، آخری بار وہ علامہ شبلی سمینار میں شرکت کی غرض سے یہاں آئے تھے، اتفاق ہے کہ مارچ کے معارف میں ان کا مضمون شائع ہوا، وہ ایک ہمدرد استاد، ہمدرد دوست اور ہمدرد انسان تھے، یو پی اردو اکیڈمی بھی ان کی سرگرمیوں کا مرکز تھی، گوشہ نشین اردو کے خادموں کی خدمت انہوں نے بے غرض ہو کر کی، صرف ۵۷ سال کی عمر میں ان کا اس طرح رخصت ہوجانا اردو کے لیے ہی نہیں، انسانیت اور شرافت کی دنیا کے لیے ایک بڑا حادثہ اور خسارہ ہے، خدا مغفرت فرمائے، آمین۔ ( عمیر الصدیق دریابادی ندوی ، اپریل ۲۰۰۸ء)
Early in 2018, Punjab Assembly passed a law in order to regulate welfare organizations and institutions. All welfare institutions were made bound to a complex official procedure. Violation of this procedure was regarded as a punishable crime. This law was widely discussed in think tanks and was strongly criticized. This research paper deals with understanding of this law, basic sections and their Islamic prespective is analysed according to Sharia. It has been proved in the light of Quran and Sunnah that Islam doesn't permit making non-obligatory charities system so complex and regarding it a crime. Hence, Government should make appropriate reforms in this law while reviewing it.
Metal based drugs have been used for medicinal purposes since ages but their potential was realized after the discovery of the first metal based chemotherapeutic agent, i.e., cisplatin, which became one of the most successful anticancer drugs espcecially for the treatment of testicular cancer. Other members of this class include oxaliplatin, carboplatin and nedaplatin. The use of platinum based drugs is limited due to their adverse side effects (e.g., nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, nausea, vomiting etc.) and intrinsic or acquired resistance. These limitations prompted bioinorganic chemists to develop new strategies to treat cancer with other metal based anticancer agents with higher efficacy and lesser undesired effects. Therefore, different metal complexes of titanium, iron, cobalt, gallium, ruthenium and osmium etc. were investigated. Among these NAMI-A (imidazolium [tetrachlorido(dimethylsulfoxide)(1Himidazole)ruthenate(III)]), KP46 (trismaltolate gallium) and KP1019 (indazolium trans[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)]) have enteredclinical trials. On the other hand, Ru(II)/Os(II) half sandwich organometallic complexes increase the lipophilic character of complexes and facilitate their uptake into cells. RAPTA type complexes are among the most popular examples of half sandwich organometallics. Furthermore, the coordination of bioactive ligands with these established organometallic pharmacophores may enhance the efficacy of these biologically active compounds by altering their physicochemical and pharmacological properties. In particular, the use of bioactive ligands such as hydroxypyrones, quinolones and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) often resulted in promising bioactivity of the compounds. In this thesis, the use of oxicam based NSAIDS as ligands for Ru(II) and Os(II) was investigated. For this purpose different series of ligands based on the oxicam scaffold were prepared. These include 1,2-benzothiazine based primary amides, secondary amides, indazole and methyl pyridyl based secondary amides, piroxicam as well as isoxicam analogues, 1,2-benzothiazine based α,βunsatuarated ketones and pyrazole based benzenesulfonamides. Furthermore, these ligands were reacted with Ru(II) and Os(II) cymene dimer to obtain organometallic complexes. All the ligands and complexes were characterized with different spectroscopic techniques including FT-IR, 1H, 13C NMR, elemental analysis, high resolution mass spectrometry and twenty seven compounds were analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The cytotoxic activity of the complexes towards human colorectal carcinoma HCT116, non-small cell lung carcinoma NCIH460 and cervical carcinoma SiHa cells was investigated by using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The prepared ligands behaved as monodentate (N donor) or bidentate chelators (O,O-, N,O- and N,N-donor systems) depending upon the ligand structure as well as reaction conditions such as xxix nature of solvent used for reaction. The 1,2-benzothiazine based primary amides were synthesized by reacting compound 5 with different alkylating agents in basic conditions to isolate ligands 6a-g. These O,O-coordinating ligands were used to synthesize the organometallic ruthenium complexes 7a-g (Scheme-1) with piano-stool configuration. These complexes were evaluated for their anticancer activity and results indicate that only 7f and 7g were active against three different human cancer cell lines. On the other hand, 1,2-benzothiazine based secondary amides were synthesized by reacting compound 8 with different aniline derivatives to obtain O,O-chelating ligands 9a-g. When these ligands were reacted with [Ru(cym)Cl2]2, the same O,Ocoordination behavior was observed to stabilize metal complexes 10a-g by forming sixmembered rings and giving rise to piano stool type geometry (Scheme-2). All these complexes were found active against different anticancer cell lines and the most lipophilic compound was found the most active with an IC50 value of 13.58 µM. The N-benzyl analogues of piroxicam and isoxicam 11 and 12 were also prepared and reacted with MII(η6-p-cymene). Compounds 11 and 12 can act as monodentate ligands through their pyridyl/isoxazolyl nitrogen atom and as bidentate chelators to Ru(II) and Os(II) metal ions by forming six membered rings through pyridyl/isoxazolyl nitrogen and the amide oxygen atoms (Scheme-3). In compounds 15-18 functionalization at position 3 was carried out to get indazolyl/pyridyl goup-containing oxicam analogues which act as monodentate ligands and coordinate to ruthenium/osmium centres through pyridyl/indazolyl nitrogens. The results of anticancer activity studies revealed that organo-Ru(II) and -Os(II) complexes 18a-c are more active than the free ligand 18 (Scheme-4). The 1,2-benzothiazine based chalcones (Scheme-5) were obtained as intermediates which were reacted with hydrazine to isolate 1,2-benzothiazine based pyrazole containing sulphonamide ligands 21a-j. The results of anticancer activity assays show that halogen containing derivatives are more active in this series (Scheme-6). These pyrazole containing sulphonamides were reacted with [Ru(cym)Cl2]2 to isolate complexes in which these sulfonamides acted either asmonodentate or bidentate ligands. In complexes 22a-k ligands coordinated mondentately through the pyrazole nitrogen (Scheme-7) while in complexes 23a-g they coordinated bidentately via pyrazole and sulphonamide nitrogen atoms by forming rather stable seven membered rings (Scheme-8). The biological investigations indicate moderate to high IC50 values for these complexes and it was also observed that within the series of compounds, the most lipophilic complex was the most active.