''قانون بین الاقوام کی بنیادیں عہد اسلامی میں''ایک تحقیقی جائزہ '' Foundations of International Law in the Islamic era '' (An Exploratory review)

Human nature has become collectivist. And man's survival is in living together and fulfilling the necessities of life through mutual cooperation. As a result, a system of mutual relation is formed; the state has relation with the other state just as the individual has relations with the individual. If there is no balance and harmony in this relationship, then mutual conflict and tension is natural. In fact, international law has its beginnings from the Islamic era. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) conveyed the universal message of the Islamic State throughout the world through his foreign Strategy and diplomatic letters. Away from the concept of globalization, the importance of foreign relations has become more important in modern times. Therefore, just as it is necessary for the Islamic state to harmonize with the world conditions and events according to the requirements of the modern era, it is also necessary for the Islamic state to keep its ideological position in mind in all situations. So that the foreign strategy of the Islamic State is established on strong foundations and its principles are formulated in the light of International Law and Sharia. Keywords: International Law, Foreign Policy, Foundations, Islamic era 

Game Theoretic Investigation of the Emerging Paradigm of Virtual Businesses: A Case of Strategic Change in Pakistani Organizations

Over the past few decades organization has experienced a change from modern and structural interpretivism to the postmodern era. A postmodern perspective of organization emphasizes the ever-changing relationship between concepts and is a defensive reaction to forces intrinsic to the social bodies. This thesis signifies the influence of postmodernism whereby organization has undergone strategic change towards the emergence of new paradigms. Such paradigm shifts have the potential to keep pace with environmental changes with flexibility, efficiency and contextually appropriate response. Virtual organization is one such paradigm. It emerged as an outcome of strategic change due to globalization and changing consumer preferences. This thesis initiates an inquiry into the paradigm of virtual organization of the SME clusters in Pakistan. The thesis introduces virtual organization as a temporary combination of geographically distributed and independently working parties, linked by ICTs for exploiting the emerging market opportunities. It specifically highlights how a virtual relationship could be established among the geographically proximate SMEs using low-technology means of ICTs. This thesis puts to test a unique methodology for the study of relationship between parties, that is, the game theoretic investigation into the virtual organization, wherein, the study further attempts to explore the game theoretic modeling of relationship among enterprises forming an exclusively virtual relationship. These are several key findings and the conclusions drawn from this research. Firstly, the geographically proximate enterprises in the SME clusters can establish a virtual relationship with lesser advanced means of ICTs. Secondly, the relationship among parties in a virtual organization could be modeled in the form of a non-cooperative game in which parties join together at an optimal Nash equilibrium. Thirdly, the mutual trust and social forces work to ensure coordination at the optimum performance level. Fourthly, this research claims an initiative not only in terms of the methods but also the scope as it introduces the paradigm of virtual organization in Pakistan using game theory to model the relationship among parties.