اسلام كے فوجداری نظام كا ضابطہ قسامت

e Qasama Doctrine of Islamic Criminal Law The mashroom-growth like blind murder cases, have, now a days confused and perplexed the law-enforcing agencies the reason is that such murder-cases are taken in hand and tried to be dealt with the common criminal procedures The criminal in such a case leaving no clue thereto succeed in detracting the police. As a result the FIR is lodged against an anonymous 'accused' afterwards and the case is filed because of the non-availability of required proof. Contrary to the above Islam introduces the procedure cf Qasama _ which literally means administring an oath which in juristic terminology applied to a way and process where some persons are held responsible in a blind murder for an oath in words, that; By Allah! Neither they have committed the murder nor they noticed the culprit. In case of refusal they are adjudicated for Qisasand for the payent of Diyat in vice versa. Historically Qasama procedure is traced back to pre-lslamic tribal-law which were then, afterwards modified and re-enforced by the Prophet (SAW) and his Khulafa. With the exception of some minor juristic controversies regarding the structure and framework of Qasama procedure multitude of muslim jurists hold it a valid way for the adjudication of a blind-murder. It is with all regrets that-lslamic Ideological council ( HC) despite its introduction .

Attitudes and Intentions of Entrepreneurs: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and Thailand

Entrepreneurship is an energetic process for the creation of a new business or venture. Today, it has the central role in developed and developing economies which are facing big challenges such as globalization, population explosion, poor social development, economic competition and downturns. This research investigates an individual’s attitudes and intentions towards entrepreneurship. With the support of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), a theoretical framework has been developed. This study proposes descriptive methodology in which cross-sectional data is collected from the students of public sector universities of Pakistan and Thailand. By applying a survey questionnaire, 700 bachelor and master degree students have been handed over questionnaires through personal visits, emails, post mail, and Survey Monkey in Pakistan and Thailand respectively. The response rate was 60.28% and 59.85% respectively. After cleaning the data, 385 samples from Pakistan and 392 from Thailand were used for final usage. By applying the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 for windows, overall reliability of survey questionnaire was 0.803 and 0.750 respectively. Statistical results obtained through Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis show that attitude towards behavior and subjective norms have positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurship intention in both the countries. However, perceived behavioral control has positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurship intentions in Thailand and not significant relationship in Pakistan. Further, analysis shows that need for achievement, self-esteem, personal control and innovation capability has positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurship attitude in Pakistan and Thailand except self-esteem in Thailand. By applying mean score, data shows that attitude towards behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, need for achievement, selfesteem, personal control and innovation capability are not stronger in Pakistan than in Thailand. However, a subjective norm is stronger in Pakistani individuals than Thais. This study may contribute to entrepreneurship literature and the TPB theory. Furthermore, this research may support policy makers and government agents to reduce the burden of unemployment in a country. Finally, this study concludes with the limitations and future research avenues.