مشاكل اللغة العربية في نيجيريا

The Arabic language faces many hurdles in its expansion and progress in the non-Arab world internationally. This time our focus is the multi-lingual community Nigeria. Nigeria is a country of languages, where there are hordes of mother tongues (dialects) , an official language and then there is a religious language as well. It is very tough to focus on the Arabic language in this myriad of languages though; it enjoys a historic status and prestige there. A few reasons for this lack of focus on Arabic language Nigeria are as follow: 1. The British colonialism and its treacherous role to downplay the Arabic language. 2. To segregate Arabic from Muslim Ummah in Nigeria, the colonialists thus promoted English and French as official administrative languages. 3. Dearth of text books in Arabic at primary and secondary level. Moreover there are no well equipped language laboratories to develop Arabic in Nigeria. 4. The stranded economic state of the country. 5. The scarcity of Arabic press houses in Nigeria and lack of interest in the Arabic language by the general public. A few suggestions to promulgate and develop the Arabic language in Nigeria are as follow: a. Students’ attention needs to be drawn towards the Arabic language as a modern and rich language. For this all the available resources need to be exhausted. b. The Arabic language centres should be developed where proficient teachers should teach Arabic. The present faculty for Arabic should do refresher courses in Arabic to enhance their capabilities. c. The availability of Arabic text books to cater the various levels of the students is made possible. A committee should monitor the overall process and progress of Arabic language in Nigeria. d. The Nigerian government should play an active role in the development and progress of the Arabic language in Nigeria

Rise of Religious Extremism After the End of Cold War and its Impacts on Pashtun Nationalism: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1991-2013

This study explore the impacts of religious extremism on Pashtun nationalism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In this thesis, the scholar understand that there is dearth of literature on religious extremism and its Impacts on the Pashtun community. Furthermore, the scholar suggests that the literature on the conflict of religious extremist and Pashtun nationalist forces in Pakistan in generally and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa particularly amidst heavy debates on the conflicts among the two groups. The scholar oppose that the conflict between religious extremist and Pashtun nationalist forces directly impacted the Pashtun identity and culture in various fields. For the case of Pashtun nationalism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the scholar contended that since Afghan war till today the support of religious extremist and militants badly hurt the „Pashtunwali Code‟. Though, the cultural identity and Pashtunwali were not ended, but seriously suppressed from the last four decades. The forcefully injected ideology of religious extremism was not accepted to the Pashtun community and they show strong resistance from time to time against these heinous and self-made ideas and thinking. Thus, the scholar refute either of the two contesting arguments in the literature, one arguing that the impact of religious extremism on Pashtun identity results in softening or hardening of Pashtun culture and identity, while the other argues for no impacts on Pashtun identity. The scholar argue that such different and multiple impacts can also be witnessed on different aspects of Pakistani national identity where national identity is neither lost nor reaffirmed. In this context, the scholar suggest that Islam (religion) is a religion of peace and humanity but why it became a source of destruction for Pashtun nationalism. Moreover, on one side the Pashtun sacrifices their live for peace, stability and interest of the state, on other hand the state is not ready to hug Pashtun community. The establishment of Pakistan with alliance of other countries imported war on Pashtun populated areas for the last forty years, but still they are deprived of their basic necessities and fundamental rights. The extremist and nationalist forces remained always in conflict to each other due to their different of opinion. The scholar argued and mentioned all the causes for promotion of extremist elements and for decline of Pashtun nationalism. The Pashtun nationalism emerged with heavy force after 2015. People started resistance against the extremist forces as well showed serious grievances over the establishment support to these elements. Methodologically, the study is based on ethnographic field work, consisting more than 20 expert and in depth open-ended, semi structured interviews from experts.