برصغیر میں غیر مسلم اہل قلم کے بزبان اردو تراجم و تفاسیر قرآنی

Islamic literary legacy is diverse and multidimensional in Sub-continent despite its being prone to religious b and the issue of migration integral part of Islamic literary legacy is the Quranic translations & interpretations. The main aspect of these translations & interpretations are the endeavors put forward by Muslim as well as non-Muslim scholars. Keeping in view the endeavors translations & interpretations of Quran, the non-Muslims minorities of sub-continent can be divided into two groups. The first group of part is based on the followers of Judaism, Parsee, Buddhist, Sikhism, Jainism and idols of Kalash whose translations and interpretations is not well known. Whereas, the second group endure Christians, Hindus and Qadyanis. Christians and Hidus consider Quran as non-revealed. Since the style of their interpretations is based on criticism and rejection in aggressive manner. Whereas the interpretations by Qadyanis are focused on religious polarized beliefs and ideologies taking into considerations Quran as revealed. That’s why Qadyanis interpretations are not accepted in Muslim community. The criticism by non-Muslims writers has resulted in rational approach for study of Quran instead of tendency based on esteem among Muslim. This paper represents aforementioned non-Muslims services regarding Quranic Interpretations and Translations which are distinguished in Muslims Interpreters.

Synthesis, Biological Screening and Thin Film Deposition Studies of Organotin Iv Carboxylates

This thesis consists of three parts of the research work. Part A contains the synthesis and characterization of synthesized free ligands and organotin(IV) carboxylates. Part B consists of biological screening of all the compounds. Part C is composed of deposition and characterization of thin films of selected organotin(IV) carboxylates by AACVD method. A series of twenty-three free ligands (HL1-23) were synthesized by reacting substituted aniline and anhydrides. Three free ligands (HL24-26) were prepared by reacting chloroacetic acid with phenols in the presence of base. Free ligands 27 and 28 were purchased from Aldrich and were of research grade. The synthesized free ligands were characterized by using FT-IR, multinuclear (1H, 13C) NMR spectroscopy and MS spectrometry. Total 66 tri/diorganotin(IV) carboxylates having general formula (C6H5)3SnL, (C4H9)3SnL and (C4H9)2SnL2(L= ligand) were synthesized by reacting ligand acid and respective organotin hydroxide and oxide. The characterization of as-synthesized organotin(IV) carboxylates was carried out by elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear (1H, 13C and 119Sn) NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Twenty-two complexes were solved by using single crystal X-rays analysis. All the compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against various strains of bacteria and fungi. Brine-shrimp lethality bioassay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of all the compounds. The selected organotin(IV) carboxylates were tested for their antioxidant, antileishmanial, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibition and anticancer activity. The interaction of some selected complexes with SS-DNA was carried out using UV-visible spectroscopy. Aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition technique was used to deposit the thin films of some selected compounds (2, 10, 17, 30, 37 and 38) using as a single source precursor.The as-deposited thin films were characterized by powdered X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. The results revealed that these complexes were excellent precursors for thin film deposition. The results showed that the deposited thin films were of crystalline nature having little to no impurities. The thin films did not have any cracks and were found to have good adhesion.