ہر علم اور ہر قانون کی طرح اسلامی شریعت کے تفصیلی احکام اخذ کرنے اور مختلف نو پیش آمدہ معاملات میں اجتہاد کرنے کےلیے بعض خاص صلاحیتوں کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے ، جیسے ناسخ منسوخ کا علم ، خاص کو عام کرنے اور اور عام کو خاص کرنے والی آیات کا علم، شان نزول اگر واضح ہو تو اس کے ذریعے معانی کے تعین کی روشن صورتوں کا علم ، عبارۃ النص سے کچھ احکام نکلتے ہیں ، کچھ دلالۃ النص سے اور کچھ اشارۃ النص سے نکلتے ہیں۔ لغت اور صرف و نحو کا جاننا تاکہ االفاظ کے معانی کا تعین کیا جاسکے۔ان اقسام احکام کا علم سورتوں اور آیات کے زمانہ نزول اور اس وقت کے تاریخی احوال کا علم ، یہ سارا کچھ جاننے کے بعد حضرت علی، ابن مسعود اور معاذ بن جبل کے راستے پر چلنا ممکن ہے۔
اس کے علاوہ احادیث کا وہ علم بہ لحاظ سلسلہ روایت و درایت ، کمزور سلسلہ روایت پر گرفت کرنے کے لیے اسماء الرجال کا علم ، احادیث میں ایک ہی امر کے لیے کئی طریقہ ہائے عمل کے جواز کا علم ، روایات کے تعارض کو دور کرنے کی صلاحیت ، ناسخ منسوخ کا علم ، روات کی عمر کا علم ، ان کے عقل و حافظہ کا علم ، اخبار ِآحاد کو وقیع بنانے والے دوسرے عوامل کا علم ، یہ ساری چیزیں بڑی محنت طلب ہیں۔
نیز جن ائمہ فقہاء نے فقہ کی عمارت کھڑی کی ، ان کے اختیار کردہ اجتہادی اصولوں کا تجزیہ ، ان اصولوں کے انطباق کی مختلف مثالوں کا جائزہ۔ ان اصولوں سے پیدا ہونے والی مشکلات اور ان کا حل ،پھر یہ جاننا کہ ان فقہاء کے متفق علیہ اور مختلف فیہ معاملات کیا ہیں ۔ائمہ فقہاء نے قرآن مجید کی ہر آیت کے...
Mushtarak” is a word used for those words that are used in the Holy Qura’n with more than one meaning. These words are a manifestation of Quranic eloquence. They show the diversity of Qur'anic meaning, as well as the differences in their definitions, which have led to interpretation differences in the Qur'an. Due to the common words, the interpretation in the jurisprudence and the opinion of the scholars had expanded. Some interpretive deviations have also been related to these words. The study of the textual literature is important in this context that all discussions of common words should be discussed and the principles of meaning determination should be clearly presented with arguments as well. The contemporary commentaries in which different interpretations have been made from them would also be analyzed. This research would try to provide a narrative on finding the meaning of such words and the limits within which the different interpretation can be done.
Education is an effort to bring the variation of human nature through the various method of knowledge to meet educational goals and challenges. Peer tutoring is a definite system of peer knowledge. It includes a learner tutoring alternative where pairs are characteristically of different educational standing and occasionally different ages like cross-age tutoring as well as same age tutoring. Peer tutoring is the most reliable education practiced method in all over the world, now which is employed in Pakistan too. The definitive description of peer tutoring is "a method of education in which pupils assistance each other and study. Peer tutoring plays significant role in education and has possibly happened in approximately manifestation since the start of development. The purpose of this research is to employ the well-known processes of common peer tutoring and class wide peer tutoring to accelerate a current peer tutoring process that can be applied with a less involvement of teacher association. This research studies the impact of concerning peer tutoring at school and family tutoring at home on child reading accomplishment and shows the involvement of parents in their children’s education and showing their progress and knowledge with the schools as well as tutors at home. The present study is, therefore determined to explore the effectiveness of peer tutoring in comparison to conventional method of teaching in Pakistan. The population of the present study was primary schools of district west Karachi Orangi town. For this sake 164 primary students were selected by convince sampling technique in Orangi town Karachi schools. There were I to V classes student were involve this study, in 60 students parents also involve in this study and they trained by teachers during seminars and parents teachers meeting on the whole session 2014-15. A self-prepared achievement test made by researcher which has covered five main objectives to enhance the reading skill in these students. A test was conducted by experimental and control groups and results were organized and categorized into tabularization form and compute Mean, Standard Deviation, and Coefficient of variation also data analyzed by t-test and Analysis of variance ANOVA. The study result concludes that the cross-age tutoring pairing students in grade one to three were more beneficial than same-age tutoring. But in class four the research hypothesis was rejected and the result concludes that the same-age tutoring pairing students in grade four was more beneficial than c ross-age tutoring. The study result also suggests that parents involvement in the peer tutoring programmed, perform as an active understanding tutor of their students by learning a modest set of guidelines. Though all the students contributing in the programme developed their reading command, nevertheless their character (tutor o tutee) or having support of their family or not, the consequences recommend that contribution of family is the adaptable which describes in the greatest way, the development in reading command, thus, it is the main manipulating element. According to present research the result bring about some suggestion that the percentage of family participation attained by learners who scored above the average was higher than their peers who revealed more necessities of provision in the reading understanding part, therefore approving the effort stated by the teachers concerning the participation of the students families with more education complications and necessities. The results proved that the learners realized the accuracy and reliability of common peer tutoring.