مولوی مجید حسن
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینے مدینہ اخبار کے بانی مولوی مجید حسن صاحب مرحوم نے وفات پائی، وہ اردو صحافت کے سب سے پرانے رکن تھے، موجودہ اردو اخبارات میں مدینہ سے پرانا اخبار کوئی نہیں، اب تو بہت سے روزنامے نکلتے ہیں، اس لیے سہ روزہ اخبار کی کوئی قدر نہیں رہ گئی، ایک زمانہ میں مدینہ دیہات دیہات میں پھیل ہوا تھا اور بہت سے ہونہار اہل قلم نے اس کی بدولت شہرت حاصل کی، مدینہ شروع سے قوم پرور رہا اور اس نے ملک و ملت دونوں کی یکساں خدمت انجام دی، مدینہ سے متعدد اہم مذہبی کتابیں شائع ہوئیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس کے بانی کی مغفرت فرمائے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۶۶ء)
Indus Waters Treaty is the most comprehensive and complex document which divides Indus Rivers System between India and Pakistan. It has continued to function through three wars and various political tensions between both neighboring states. It was signed in 1960 when no international law was available to deal the non-navigational uses of the international watercourses. Since the Helsinki rules were adopted by the International Association of Law in 1966 and the United Nations Convention on International Water Courses was approved by the United Nations General Assembly in 1997, both documents have little effect on the terms and conditions of the Indus Waters Treaty. This paper is an attempt to explore the relevance of the provisions of the Treaty to the contemporary international law on non-navigational uses of the international rivers
Software development success is based on understanding stakeholder needs and translates those needs into requirements. Requirement engineering is the process of discovering the purpose for which a system is intended. The success of any software product depends on how strongly the requirements are captured. Many daily activities require negotiations, often bilaterally. In such a kind of negotiation, two agents negotiate with each other to reach a consensus. In negotiation, different stakeholders are involved, and they might have contradictory requirements and different priorities. One of the reasons of failures of software is the conflict between stakeholders and developers.
Different requirement engineering approaches are in practice but the Agent Oriented Requirement Engineering (AORE) focuses on objects and goals. The AORE models the requirements in terms of tasks and goals. Requirement engineering is mainly concerned with the identification of goals. REF allows segregate goals into hard and soft goals. These goals are then transformed into services and constraints. Then finally the responsibilities for the resulting requirements are assigned to agents such as human beings or software.
Electronic negotiation system exists but if there is a hybrid negotiation (between human and computer) then this negotiation process becomes more complicated. The main obstacle in such kind of negotiation is incomplete information as the behavior of human is diverse by nature. Humans do make mistakes as they are influenced by the social and cultural issues.
This research is intended to apply Requirement Engineering Framework (REF) and User Story Cards (USC) methodology to the human-agent bilateral negotiation to capture a complete set of requirements. By combining the strengths of these two approaches we presented how requirements can be captured efficiently. REF is a very simple model which has an effective graphical notation to represents objects. On the other hand USC allows to record requirements with consultation of customer representative. These cards clearly state the user view of requirements and states requirements very clearly. With the application of AORE, this thesis proposed a negotiation protocol that facilitates human-agent negotiation. The proposed protocol is run on a case study to show its implementation.