دلالة النص على مبادئ الشريعة الإسلامية في الدساتير العربية وأثره في تنظيم مبدأ المساواة بين المواطنين

This research is about the effect of text meaning on the constitutional rule that related to the Islamic Sharia principles. The Islamic Sharia principles are the source of legislation in the Arab constitutions. It will also look in the impact of this constitutional rule on organizing the principle of equality among citizens in various fields; equality in front of the law and judicature, and equality in rights and freedoms. In particular, this research highlights how the impact of text on the constitutional rule affects on organizing the equality between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens, also between men and women of Muslim citizens. Thus, this research has been split into four topics that addressed respectively as follows: First, what is Islamic Sharia and Legislation in Islamic Fiqh (doctrine). Second, the semantics of multiple formulations of the Islamic Sharia principle as a source of legislation in the constitution. Third, the principle of equality in both, the Islamic Sharia and the positive law. Finally, the impact of the text on the Islamic Sharia principle of Arab constitutions in organizing the equality principle among citizens. The research concluded with set of results that can be summarized as follows: Every formula that has been used in the constitutional rule of the Islamic Sharia principle in the Arabic countries has a different semantics and results that lead to different obligations in the way of organizing the equality principle in the legislative bodies either in constitution's document or in ordinary laws. Also, the research concluded that the Islamic Sharia as a public principle doesn't conflict with the positive law in recognizing the equality principle among citizens in different fields, but the conflict is in the understanding and application of some fields of equality among citizens in different religions and genders. The researcher came with set of recommendations including clarifying wording of the text that related to the Islamic Sharia principle in the Arab constitution rules. These clarifications should prevent any other interpretations. In addition, the researcher suggested to adopt this formula: the original principles of Islamic Sharia is the main source of legislation. Also, formulations of equality principle among citizens in all its manifestations in the constitutions must be consistent with the original Islamic Sharia principle. Also, all the texts that related to the equality among citizens, and between men and women should included the sentence "with no conflict with the original Islamic Sharia principles".

Prevalence of Acute Kidney Injury Using Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin As an Early Biomarker in Neonates With Perinatal Asphyxia

Introduction: Perinatal asphyxia is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of perinatal asphyxia occurring in up to 61% of the neonates. Currently the diagnosis of AKI is based on serum creatinine levels and clinically by oliguria, however these are late markers of the disease. More novel biomarkers are emerging that predict the diagnosis early. Current research indicates urine NGAL as an early marker for AKI, yet there is paucity of data about its use in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of acute kidney injury using urine NGAL and to compare it to the current gold standard, serum creatinine as an early biomarker for AKI. It also determined the association between the level of urine NGAL to the severity of asphyxia, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and mortality. Methodology:This was a prospective cross-sectional study carried out in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia in Kenyatta National Hospital and Pumwani Maternity Hospital. One hundred and eight term neonates with a diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia were enrolled in the study. Serum creatinine and urine NGAL levels were measured on day 1 and 3 of life. Results:The prevalence of AKI using urine NGAL in term asphyxiated neonates on day one of life was 56% (95% CI 46.6-65.1%) with a male to female ratio of 1.4 :1. At a cut off of 250ng/ml, urine NGAL had an acceptable discriminative capability of predicting AKI (Area under the curve – 0.724). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and likelihood ratios were 88%, 56%, 30%, 95%, 2 and 0.2. The diagnostic odds ratio was at 8.9. Significantly higher median NGAL levels were associated with severe hypoxic encephalopathy death. Urine NGAL levels were significantly higher in patients with AKI compared to those without AKI. Conclusion: the overall prevalence of AKI in neonates with perinatal asphyxia was noted to be similar to other studies. Urine NGAL is a good screening test for the early diagnosis of AKI. It is also a significant predictor of mortality and severity of HIE in asphyxiated neonates.