سائنس آئی بہار یں لائی
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کا موقع فراہم کیا گیا ہے وہ ہے:’’سائنس آئی بہاریں لائی ‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
اللہ تعالیٰ نے انسان کو اشرف المخلوقات بنایا عظمت کا تاج اس کے سر پر سجایا اور جملہ مخلوقات میں اسے اعلیٰ وارفع مقام پر فائز فرمایا۔ اس کی عظمت کا سبب علم کے ساتھ ساتھ عقل کو بھی قرار دیا اور غیر ذوی العقول مخلوقات میں سے اس ذوی العقول مخلوقات کی اہمیت کا لوہانوری اور غیر مرئی مخلوق ملائیکہ سے بھی منوایا یہاں تک کہ وہ اس حیوانِ ناطق کے سامنے سجدہ ریز ہوئے۔
صاحبِ صدر!
یہ ساری عظمتیں ، یہ ساری رفعتیں، یہ ساری شفقتیں، یہ ساری عنایتیں ، یہ ساری سعادتیں ، یہ ساری فضیلتیں اللہ تعالیٰ نے انسان کو عطا فرمائیں کیونکہ علمِ الٰہی میں موجودتھا کہ میری کائنات کے گلشن میں بہار انسان لائے گا۔ میری زمین پر فلک بوس پہاڑوں سے جوئے شیر انسان نکالے گا، آسمان پر پرواز یہ انسان کرے گا۔ خونخوار درندوں کو مطیع میرا یہ انسان کرے گا۔ انسان کی عظمت و رفعت کی بلندیوں پر فائز کرنے والی اللہ تعالیٰ کی ذات ہے اُس نے دنیاو مافیہا کی ہر چیز انسان کے لیے پیدا فرمائی اور انسان کو اپنی عبادت کے لیے پیدافرمایا۔
جانور پیدا کیے تیری وفا کے واسطے
چاند سورج اور ستارے ہیں ضیاء کے واسطے
کھیتیاں سر سبز ہیں تیری غذا کے واسطے
سب جہاں تیرے لیے اور تو خدا کے واسطے
معزز سامعین!
سائنس علم کا ایک شعبہ ہے، سائنس کا لفظ جب قوت ِسماعت پر دستک دیتا ہے۔ سائنس کا لفظ جب قوت بصارت کو متحرک کرتا...
The methods of Al-Hafiz Al-Zaili in criticizing of text of the Sunnah as described in his book Nasbu Al-Raya in analyzing the hadiths of Hidayah. The science of criticism is well known science since the era of the Companions, and critics of the hadith of the honorable companions have played a very important role in the field of narration and carefully criticizing it. And by passage of the era of the Companions and beginning the era of the followers (tabieen), the criticism became more obvious depending on the growing need, especially after spreading of lie, and creation of fake hadith, which led the critics to further research and verification, for scrutiny between the narrations and then differentiation between the right and the weak. The imams and scholars of hadith from the era of the Companions till present continuously inheriting the approach of criticizing the narratives in succession of their predecessors, whether criticizing the narrators or the texts. I have seen that it is worthwhile to stand on the efforts and methods of one of the imams in his criticism of the hadiths and I have chosen the effort of Imam Hafiz al-Zaili through his book " Nasbu Al-Raya in analyzing the hadiths of Hidayah" to learn how he was using the standards traded among the scholars of Hadith for textual criticism of Sunnah. As the those denied the hadiths from orientalists and their followers and those who follow their example simply claim that the scholars of hadith did not criticize the Sunnah in true criticism and even if they have criticized the hadiths, their criticism was only concerning the narratives not the text, now it is clear through this article that the scholars of hadith did not leave the side of the text, but they criticized text as they criticized the attribution of the hadiths. They set solid rules, which remain scholarly proven and accurate forever. We will revolve in this article around the following topics: learning about Al Hafez Zaili and the science of criticism, methods of textual criticism according to Hafiz Zaili, by focusing on: Criticism of the hadiths for violating the explicit meaning of the Qur'an, or for contradicting the Sunnah, or for contradicting the explicit consensus, or for risking and exaggerating the promise or the warning of simple action, or lack thereof in books of hadith These are the most important rules sited by al-Hafiz al-Zaili, which he practiced and criticized the hadiths and distinguished them between the correct and the weak.
The evaluation and assessment of health care quality is receiving worldwide attention with medicines playing an important role in health care delivery to improve the health of patients. However in some countries, the costs of medicines can be up to 60% of total healthcare expenditure. Potential ways to address this include encouraging the prescribing of low-cost generics, especially with generics priced at 2% to 10% of pre-patent loss prices in some countries. In addition, enhancing adherence to the medicines prescribed to improve outcomes and reduce long term costs as well as increase physician familiarity with the medicines they prescribe and can be achieved through the use of formularies and prescribing guidance.Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal illness illustrated by low Bone Mass Density (BMD) and micro architectural weakening of bone tissue. It is more common amongst people older than 50, with an estimated prevalence of up to one in four women and one in eight men, and is associated with considerable economic burden. It is estimated 75 million people worldwide are affected by osteoporosis. The prevalence of osteoporosis in Pakistan is also high. Estimates suggest 97% of women aged 75-84 years and 55% of women aged 45-54 years are prone to osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates are currently recommended as firstline treatment for patients with osteoporosis following a fracture to reduce the risk of subsequent fractures. Alendronate sodium is a Bisphosphonate drug used to treat and prevent osteoporosis and several other bone related diseases.Appropriate management of patients with osteoporosis and the quality of medicines is growing concerns in Pakistan. The first step to improve patient care is to understand current prescribing patterns and the rationale behind these.Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to the progression of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures arising from secondary hyperparathyroidism. The present study was conducted to assess utilisation patterns, prescribing behaviour, potential rationale among a range of medicines including bisphosphonatesusing appropriate methods, to conduct the invitro and in-vivo studies of oral formulations of Alendronate Sodium 70mg applying FDA and WHO guidelines and also assessment of serum vitamin D levels in asymptomatic populations. The studies were materialised through a questionnaire based, cross-sectional study conducted in both private and public health care facilities among five large cities of two Provinces of Pakistan (Punjab and Khyber Pakhtonkhwe – KPK) from January 2011 to December 2012. These cities and provinces representapproximately half the population of Pakistan. A questionnaire based cross-sectional study in both private and public health care facilities in Pakistan involving 438 physicians‘ and15824 prescriptions.Overall, a total 4815 people across all age groups and locations where subsequently included in the questionnaire and the taking of blood, i.e. selected through a convenience sampling technique. Their blood was subsequently analysed for serum vitamin D levels. The only exclusion criterion was that they were not currently suffering from any chronic diseases. The test principle was based on an Electro-chemiluminescence Immuno Assay (ECLIA). The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (Kg) divided by height (m) squared.All the results were analysed using MS excel.The in-vitro study on Alendronate sodium was materialized through standardized pharmacopoeal specifications and in vivo study through an open-label randomized, 2- sequence, 2-period crossover study. These studies were carried out at National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan. Healthy Pakistani adult male volunteers were randomly assigned to receive a single 70-mg dose of the test or reference formulation of alendronate sodium, administered with 240 mL of water, followed by a 7-day washout period and administration of the alternate formulation. Serial blood samples were collected and adverse events were monitored. Plasma alendronate sodium concentrations were determined using a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic-postcolumn fluorescence derivatization method, with visible detection in the range of 2 to 100 ng/mL and lower limit of quantification set at 2 ng/mL. PK properties, including AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), C(max), T(max), t(1/2), and the elimination constant (k(e)), were determined using non-compartmental analysis. There was adequate history taking and examinations in approximately half of the physicians surveyed, with prescribing typically taking into account issues such as disease severity (84% of respondents) and the socioeconomic status of patients (53%), which is encouraging. Prescribing of bisphosphonates was common certainly compared to medicines to treat cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. However concerns with the low use of generics, high rate of antibiotic prescribing, variable availability of medicines, medical representatives being a key source of information on medicines and typically a limited number of formularies. A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) was recorded irrespective of age, gender, race and geography in studied population. VDD was also seen among different income groups given the locations of the various cities and the sampling technique used, although others have shown higher prevalence in lower income groups. There was though a higher prevalence of VDD in women than men. Vitamin D deficiency was also seen irrespective of different sunshine levels seen in the five locations. Overall, only 8.6% of the population surveyed had normal levels of Vitamin D, 414/4815. The remainder, i.e. 91.4%, had mild to severe deficiencies; with 37.6% severely deficient, 28.6% moderately deficient and 25.1% were mildly deficient. The chemical assay, disintegration time and dissolution rate of all the brands tested were found within the pharmacopoeal specifications.The 90% CIs for the corresponding ratios of AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity) and C(max)for the test and reference formulations were within the FDA bioequivalence definition interval of 80% to 125%. No adverse events were reported in this study.Single doses of these formulations of alendronate sodium 70 mg met the criteria for bio-equivalence. No statistically significant differences in AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), and C(max) were found in this healthy Pakistani adult male population. There are considerable opportunities to improve the rational use of medicines in Pakistan including physician education, prescribing guidance and formularies. These should be coordinated among key stakeholder groups. There is also a need to ensure low prices for generics. Presently, there are no recommended guidelines to address VDD in Pakistan. However in view of the demonstrated prevalence of VDD in Pakistan across all age groups, it is suggested that policy makers develop such policies and include them in the forthcoming National health Plan aimed at combating for instance high priority non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. Western countries have Vitamin D food fortification policies and it is suggested that Pakistan should immediately follow this example to reduce current high levels of VDD and their associated on patient well-being. The study will help the policy makers guide the various Government and private institutions to buy good quality generic alendronate sodium in order to cater the demands of patients who are suffering from osteoporosis. The Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP) ensure bioequivalence studies for generic drugs and promote efficacious, high quality generics at a low price as compared to originator product.