معین احسن جذبی
۱۳؍ فروری ۲۰۰۵ء کو اردو کے معمر ادیب اور مشہور ترقی پسند شاعر جناب معین احسن جذبی نے داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، وہ اعظم گڑھ کے مشہور صنعتی قصبہ مبارک پور کے مضافات میں ۲۱؍ اگست ۱۹۱۲ء کو پیدا ہوئے اور علی گڑھ میں جابسے، یہاں ۱۹۴۱ء میں آئے، ۱۹۴۵ء میں مسلم یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو میں لکچرر ہوئے، اس سے قبل ’’آج کل‘‘ کی ادارت سے بھی منسلک رہے، ۱۹۷۴ء میں ریڈر کے منصب سے ریٹایر ہوئے۔
جذبی صاحب نے نظم و نثر میں کئی کتابیں یادگار چھوڑیں، ’’حالی کا سیاسی شعور‘‘ کے نام سے ڈاکٹریٹ کا مقالہ لکھا جو اردو کی اہم تنقیدی و تحقیقی کتاب ہے، آخر میں اپنے خود نوشت حالات لکھ رہے تھے مگر یہ کتاب نامکمل رہی، ان کے تین شعری مجموعے بھی شایع ہوئے، فروزاں، سخن مختصر اور گدازشب۔
مرحوم کا شمار صف اول کے ترقی پسند شعرا میں ہوتا ہے، وہ مخدوم، سردار جعفری اور مجاز کے ہم عصر تھے، ترقی پسند تحریک سے ان کا تعلق برابر رہا مگر ان کی شاعری اس کی عام بے اعتدالیوں سے محفوظ اور اپنی بعض الگ خصوصیات رکھتی تھی، وہ اپنی شاعری کو خوب سے خوب تر بنانے کے لیے اس میں برابر حک و اصلاح کرتے اور نقد و احتساب کی نظر ڈالتے رہتے تھے اور جب خود پوری طرح مطمئن ہوجاتے تب ہی کسی کو شعر سناتے یا منظر عام پر لاتے۔
جذبی صاحب نے ۹۳ برس کی طویل عمر پائی، مدتوں درس و تدریس کے پیشے سے وابستہ رہنے کی وجہ سے ان کے تلامذہ کی تعداد زیادہ ہے، کئی یونیورسٹیوں میں ان پر تحقیقی مقالے لکھے گئے، کئی اردو اکیڈمیوں کے علاوہ غالب ایوارڈ اور اقبال سمان بھی ان کو ملا۔
وہ بڑے انسان دوست تھے، اپنے طالب علموں اور خوردوں...
The aim of Hijrah is not to run away from problem that occurred in the process of giving da'wah, but rather to establish the resolve in solving the problem. Hijrah as a movement carried out by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his companions from Makkah to Madinah, aimed to keep, maintain and uphold the message of Allah, in the form of Islamic aqeedah and shari’a, in order to achieve the mercy and pleasure of Allah SWT. This move, as we can see in the seerah, later brought a great impact to the success of the Islamic da’wah which was increasingly evolving. Hence the fundamental problem that has led to the migration has been solved. In fact, the Hijrah brought a significant impact not just to the Islamic world but also to world civilisation. The story and background of the migration of Rasulullah (PBUH) from Makkah to Madinah is touched in this writing to show that there were a lot of lessons and guidance that can be inferred. It did not merely signify a final destination for Makkah Muslims, but was also the beginning of a continuous effort to establish a strong and resilient ummah. The event of Hijrah in fact had changed the world after that forever. It highlighted the perseverance of the Rasulullah (PBUH) and the early Muslims through the difficult times. Hijrah demonstrates that for people with faith, there is hope for ease after difficulties. There was also a great unity model among Muslims of different backgrounds. The Hijrah had also marked the beginning of the Islamic State under the leadership of Rasulullah (PBUH) which then became a reference for all state governance everywhere in the future
This study is anattempt to determine the extent to which the English language textbook, “English for Class 8”(taught at grade VIII) by the Punjab Textbook Board fulfills the needs of the students‟ learning English as foreign language in Pakistan. The study aimed to analyze: mechanical practice, meaningful practice, and above all communicative (oral) practice as used in the current English language textbook. This textbook is currently used in public sector schools across Punjab. Interpretive research paradigm had been employed for this study, which implies that principally it is a qualitative study; however, quantitative method were also used to investigate the main aspects of the research study. The main qualitative methods included semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis. The only quantitative method used were the survey questionnaires. The purpose of this study was to investigate as to what extent the suggested textbook facilitates language acquisition and its meaningful application. For this purpose, grade VIII English language textbook was selected to see as to what degree it includes communicative tasks, and in this respect, how it encourages the development of Communicative Competence (CC, Oral proficiency). The participants of this research were selected from public sector schools and organizations including teachers, policymakers, curriculum developers, subject specialists, and students to examine the effectiveness of English language textbook (grade VIII) on students‟ performance with special reference to Oral CC. For content analysis, an evaluation checklist was developed as the main tool to measure the efficiency of the textbook (in developing oral Communicative Competence) under focus. It allowed a more in-depth evaluation of the textbook in reference to a set of generalizable evaluative criteria. Based on the review of the literature on the textbook evaluation checklists, the researcher developed a point five Likert scale to suit the purpose of present research. Data analysis for quantitative portion used descriptive statistics illustrated through tables, and figures, whereas for the interpretation of qualitative data, themes were developed, coded and summarized in a descriptive mode. In the end the researcher offers a model (teaching unit) to be followed by the policy makers and practitioners in order to make the existing English language textbook more effectives in terms of oral CC and language skill development. The results of this study reflect that the relevant textbook does not cater to the target learners‟ future academic and professional language needs because the tasks/activities offered ,do not focus on sociolinguistic and discourse- level of the target language. Besides, many activities present in the textbook offer meaningless and discrete-point exercises which do not contribute to any skill development. There is limited oral interaction presented in the form of “oral skill development”.