ڈاکٹر صبیحی المحمصانی
ڈاکٹر صبیحی المحمصانی عالم عرب میں شریعت اسلامی اور اس کے جدید ملکی و بین الاقوامی قوانین کے مرجع اور سند سمجھے جاتے تھے، انگریزی اور فرانسیسی زبانوں پر ان کو یکساں عبور تھا، ان کا انتقال پیرس میں ستمبر ۱۹۸۶ء میں ہوا، لیکن مجمع اللغۃ العربیہ اکتوبر ۸۸ء کے شمارہ میں ان کی شخصیت پر تعزیتی مضمون تاخیر سے شائع ہوا، ان کی قابل قدر علمی زندگی خصوصاً قانون کے موضوع پر ان کے اہم اور یادگار کارناموں کی وجہ سے ان کی وفات کا غم آج بھی تازہ ہے۔
وہ ۱۹۰۶ء میں بیروت میں پیدا ہوئے، اعلیٰ تعلیم کے لئے فرانس گئے۔ ۱۹۳۲ء میں ڈاکٹریٹ کیا، ۳۵ء میں لندن یونیورسٹی سے بھی ڈگری لی، دوران تعلیم ان کے خاص مضامین قانون اور معاشیات تھے، تعلیم کے بعد لبنان میں اعلیٰ قانونی عہدوں پر فائز ہوئے، ۶۶ء میں وہ لبنان کے وزیر اقتصادیات بھی ہوئے، لیکن سیاسی زندگی کی شورشیں اور بکھیڑے ان کے مزاج کے مطابق نہیں تھے اس لیے اس سے کنارہ کش ہوکر علمی اور تدریسی سرگرمیوں میں مشغول ہوئے اور پھر تصنیف و تالیف کے لئے یکسو ہوگئے، وہ ۴۷ء میں دمشق کی مجمع العلمی کے رکن بنے، مسلم ممالک میں اسلامی قانون کے نفاذ کے سلسلہ میں انہوں نے کئی اہم کانفرنسوں میں خصوصی مدعو کی حیثیت سے شرکت کی۔ ان کی تصنیفات کا زیادہ حصہ اسلامی قانون سے متعلق ہے، ان کی ایک کتاب فلسفۃ التشریع فی الاسلام بہت مقبول ہوئی، انگریزی اور فارسی میں اس کے ترجمے ہوئے، اردو میں بھی اس کا ترجمہ لاہور سے ۱۹۵۵ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس کے علاوہ النظریات العامہ للموجبات و العقود فی الشریعۃ الاسلامیۃ، الاوضاع التشریعیہ فی الدول العربیہ، المبادی الشرعیہ و القانونیہ، مقدمہ فی احیاء علوم التراث، القانون و العلاقات الدولیہ فی الاسلام، الدعائم الخلفیہ للقوانین الشرعیہ، ارکان...
This study aims to (1) examine the learning outcomes of students' reading comprehension in class III SD Inpres Parang Makassar using power point media; (2) assessing the learning outcomes of students' reading comprehension in grade III SD Inpres Parang Makassar without using power point media; (3) examining the effectiveness of power point media to improve learning outcomes for reading comprehension of third grade students of SD Inpres Parang Makassar. This study used an experimental research design with a posttest only control design. The population of this research is the third grade students of SD Inpres Parang Makassar. The data that had been collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and parametric inferential statistics type T Test that were processed using the SPSS version 20 windows computer program. The results of hypothesis testing show that (1) the value of t-count shows the number -9.708 with sig. (2 tailed) = 0.000. At the 95% significance level with 46 degrees of freedom. Because the significance value or p-value <0.005, then the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected or in other words the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores in the experimental class in the learning outcomes of students in class IIIB SD Inpres Parang Makassar. The use of power point media to improve students' reading comprehension learning outcomes of SD Inpres Parang Makassar is more effective using power point media. This can be seen from the t-test calculation of -9.708 with db = 46 at the 5% significance level. These results indicate that the price p = 0.000. The p value is less than 0.05.
Biomethane being a mixture of gases a possible solution for the energy crisis worldwide. The biomethane comes from anaerobic digestion (AD) process that can be run with the widely available lignocellulosic biomass like agricultural and municipal waste which otherwise would have been wasted in raw. In the past, the common usage of manure was to be applied as a fertilizer, which can have an adverse environmental impact in terms of terrestrial eutrophication and emission of greenhouse gases. These days, a solution applied for wastes and residues is to treat them with the simultaneous recovery of energy through anaerobic digestion (AD). The present study was designed to increase the methane production by using codigestion and photo-catalytic oxidation with aim to increase the methane production by synergism/biodegradability and lignin oxidation respectively. In the first step, the substrates were separately analyzed for mono-digestion where wheat straw (WS) produced 255 mLCH4/gVS, meadow grass (MG) produced 301 mLCH4/gVS and cattle manure (CM) produced 307 mLCH4/gVS. Furthermore, the co-digestion results revealed a maximum of 25 per cent increase in methane production which had a significance level of p<0.05 over mono-digestion of cattle manure (CM), when 25 per cent of the manure contents were replaced with lignocellulosic biomass. The over-all biodegradation of the above mentioned combination also reached to 84 per cent in co-digestion from 67 per cent in monodigestion. In the second step the wheat straw (WS) which produced least methane in mono-digestion experiments was subjected to photo-catalytic oxidation with titanium oxide TiO2 and ultraviolet light of 200-400 nm (UV). Specifically, four different TiO2 concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 per cent (w/w) were tested xvii at three different irradiation times (0, 1, 2, and 3 hours). Among the products from the oxidative degradation of lignin under TiO2/UV catalyst system, vanillic acid and ferulic acid were detected at a maximum value of 91.18±2.00 mg/L and 1.67±0.01 mg/L, using 2.0 per cent (w/w) TiO2 for 3 hours. Moreover, the most effective pretreatment strategy (1.5 per cent (w/w) TiO2 and 3 hours) was found to increase the biodegradability of wheat straw up to 37 per cent compared to untreated biomass. The positive impact of photo-catalytic pretreatment was also observed in continuous trials, when methane production was increased by 25 per cent. The photo-catalytic oxidation of lignin-rich substrates is a promising method to disrupt the non degradable organic fraction under mild conditions. It is expected that thorough study of this process can still increase methane production to many folds at industrial scale. Not only high methane yield but also the direct conversion of lignocellulosic biomass can be attained e.g vanillic and ferulic acid. Therefore, it is also expected that application of this methodology for production of biomethane in future will not only help to overcome shortfall of energy but also will provide environmental benefits