Historical Roots of Radicalization in Pashtun’s Society

This research article aims to trace the history of radical movements in the North-West frontier of sub-continent. Historically, radical movements have long roots in Pakhtun Society.  People recruited in different epochs from Pakhtun society branch into various freedom movements before the partition of sub-continent. Freedom movements against the Sikh, Hindu and the British lifted radical impact on Pakhtun Society before the partition of sub-continent.  Radical movements after the partition of sub-continent also established their roots in the North-West region of Pakistan. These radical movements engineered the pluralistic cultural values of Pakhtun Society. These movements have lifted radical trends in the North-West frontier of sub-continent. Pakhtuns and their cultural values were not only exposed to violence but the evolution of their culture had been disturbed.

Assessment of Ecto and Endo-Parasitic Fauna of Schizothorax Plagiostomus Inhabitantof River Panjkora, Dir L Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Fish provides main source of high quality protein to more than one billion people in the world. Fish parasites directly affect the productivity of fish and indirectly on human health. This research was aimed to assess the helminth parasites in Schizothorax plagiostomus (snow trout) of river Panjkora, Pakistan. A total of 88 fish samples were collected from the upper, middle and lower reaches of the rivers through cast nets, hand nets, hooks. All the collected fish samples were examined in the Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, and University of Malakand for helminth parasites during the months from July 2018 to February 2019.Among these fish nematodes (Rhabdochona schizothoracis, Rhabdochona spps), trematode (Diplozoon paradoxum), cestodes (Nippotaenia spps) and acanthocephalan (Neoechinorhynchous devdevi) were recovered. The P value less than 0.05% (at 95% CI) was considered significant. Overall prevalence of the fish parasites was 60.2% (53/88). The intensity of the parasite was observed from 1.7 % to 4.61 %.Amongst these parasites highest intensity was recorded of Rhabdochona schizothoracis (4.61%). Highest month-wise prevalence was recorded in the month of July (90.91%), followed by August 81.82 %( 09/11) while the lowest during February 27.28 % (03/11%). Season wise highest prevalence was reported in summer (86.36%) while lowest in the winter season (36.36%).This study shows that summer season is advantageous for these parasites and affects the fish business and result in poor quality fish meat with risk of zoonotic diseases. Adults were highly infected (82.25%) followed by sub-adults (62.0%) while no infection was found in juvenile specimens. Female fish samples had higher prevalence (68.22%) than males (48.22%). Fishes of the lower reaches had highest prevalence (60.22%) followed by middle reaches (57.14%) while the lowest rate of prevalence was noted in the fish samples collected from upper reaches 40.0%).Fish samples with maximum length and weight were highly (76.92%) infected than small sized fish with low body weight. Present study addresses that R. schizothoracis in the intestine of Diplozoon paradoxum in gills of snow trout has a long term relationship and call as a natural infection in cyprinids and zoonotic threat to human.