محمد مجید زبیری
افسوس ۲۳؍ مئی کو شبلی کالج کے سابق استاد جناب محمد مجید زبیری کا علی گڑھ میں انتقال ہوگیا، ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد وہ جناب سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن مرحوم کے اصرار پر دارالمصنفین کے شعبۂ انصرام سے وابستہ ہوئے، اپنی نیکی، بھلمنساہت، صلح پسند طبیعت اور ایمانداری و دینداری کی وجہ سے ہر طبقہ میں مقبول و محترم تھے، صحافی و شاعر بھی تھے تقریباً دو سال قبل سخت بیمار ہوئے، علاج کے لیے اپنی صاحبزادی کے پاس علی گڑھ چلے گئے اور وہیں سے سفر آخرت اختیار کیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ بال بال مغفرت فرمائے اور پس ماندگان کو صبر و رضا کی توفیق دے، آمین۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جون ۱۹۹۲ء)
The word pricing is one of the four Ps of Marketing Mix (Product, Price, Place and Promotion) and the most important and attractive one as it bears profit and income for producer and employee. Using various pricing strategies, a rate is fixed for a product or service in order to get suitable profit. If it is not taken care, the business or service may cause you loss financially. Like this term is used in production, it is also practiced in services in order to determine inflation rates and fixing daily wages and monthly salaries, for which various pricing strategies and arithmetic formulas are used. In this paper I have come up with introduction of Pricing in Modern and Islamic perspective and then limiting the topic to pricing in services, I discussed various Shariah issues of Pricing in services in the light of Quran and Sunnah.
Sociolinguistics Matters in Cross-Cultural Relations Pakistan has a rich and diverse cultural and linguistic composition. The principal ethnic groups include Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtons and Baluch. The demographic survey of Pakistan (1998) indicates that these ethnic groups are further divided into various sub-categories, linguistic groups and castes. The main languages include Urdu, Punjabi, Pushto, Balochi, Sindhi, Seraiki, Hindko and Dan. In the presence of such a diverse linguistic and cultural scenario, there are ample occasions of cross-cultural communication among them. These opportunities are created at the social, academic, political and occupational level of interaction. The focus of this research is an interesting type of cross-cultural relation that is to say the marriage between a man and a woman from different linguistic communities. It explores the language dynamics, attitudes and speech patterns within these families, as well as the levels of success in achieving family bilingualism. In addition, it attempts to scan and analyze the sensitivity of the children in such families towards the linguistic input provided to them. The researcher has conducted primary research on the sample selected through the technique of random sampling. She has used questionnaires as research instrument for the collection of data. This is followed by a quantitative and statistical analysis of the gathered responses and a qualitative evaluation of the data to scan the research findings. The researcher has discovered productive bilingualism in most couples as a result of high frequency of contact with each other's language community and an overall positive view about it. Awareness about the linguistic differences and the effort required to overcome the negative impact of these differences are also found. The researcher has also found the prevalence of elements like linguistic pressures especially on children and the occurrence of sociolinguistic phenomena of functional differentiation and role governed nature of linguistic choices. In the end, the researcher offers a view on possible long-term linguistic outcomes for these families and recommendations on the area of linguistic planning and the improvement of factors promoting bilingualism in such families.