Teknis Pendirian Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia

Syariah banking as an important component of banking law in Indonesia is currently experiencing rapid growth. The existence of Shariah banking is expected to help solve various problems in Indonesia, especially poverty. In the midst of its development, Shariah banking has not been able to handle the market share where the majority of the market share comes from people from the middle class. In addition, the education and socialization of Shariah banking is insufficient, so there is a diversity of public perceptions regarding Shariah banking. Pros and cons occur in society regarding the establishment of Sharia banks, where the benefits of Sharia banking are enormous, both in the economic world and in the future. This research uses literature review. Review using a qualitative approach. Primary data sources in this research were obtained from observations or research observations on problems that occur with Sharia banking management. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained from good literature and books, journals and other sources related to current materials.

Dynamics of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in South Asian And Asian Countries

Dynamics of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in South Asian And Asian Countries Energy consumption has an important role to determine the economic growth directly as a key input of production process and indirectly it has also a significant role in all sector of the economy. The study explores the simultaneous relationship between energy consumption and GDP growth of 5 South Asian and 5 ASEAN countries for the period of 1974-2013. To investigate the short run and long run dynamics between energy consumption and GDP growth; Pedroni (1999,2004) panel co-integration technique has been used and checked that whether these variables are co-integrated with each other or not. Dynamic OLS (Pedroni, 2001) has also been used to check the long run elasticities of the variables. Further Engle and Granger (1987) test has applied to check the direction or way of causation between these two variables. The results of this study show that there is long run and positive relationship between energy consumption and GDP growth. All the Coefficients through Dynamic OLS are statistically significant and explaining the long run changes in GDP growth. The results of panel Granger causality test show that there is bi-directional causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP growth in short run and long run both in South Asian and ASEAN regions. Moreover these results suggest that energy consumption has a major role in GDP growth and vice versa. The findings of this study have some important implications related to the energy consumption and GDP growth policies in case of South Asian and ASEAN regions. The implications of feedback hypothesis between energy consumption and GDP growth suggest that any shortage because of any reason such as non-policy or policy actions in these two regions retard their GDP growth directly. Further this feedback relationship also suggests that any protectionist policy of trade in case of energy resources to restrict the imports or exports of energy resources have harmful consequences for GDP growth in these two regions. Therefore it is necessary to build or discover the new energy resources such as nuclear, solar and wind power plants, new dams, coal and gas resources and tidal energy resources should be established in all of these countries to meet the rapidly increasing energy demand to promote their GDP growth.