سیرت نبوی ﷺ کا اجتہادی پہلو

Establishment of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard means supremacy of the dictates of shari‘ah and socio-political justice on earth. This is one of the basic objectives and prominent messages of the Holy Quran and Seerah of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). About khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard the Holy Quran expresses as:   -وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُم فِي الأَرْضِ …  -الَّذِينَ إِن مَّكَّنَّاهُمْ فِي الأَرْضِ أَقَامُوا الصَّلاَةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَمَرُوا بِالمَعْرُوفِ وَنَهَوْا عَنِ المُنكَرِ وَلِلَّهِ عَاقِبَةُ الأُمُورِ.  -هُوَ الَّذِي أَرْسَلَ رَسُولَهُ بِالْهُدَى وَدِينِ الْحَقِّ لِيُظْهِرَهُ عَلَى الدِّينِ كُلِّهِ وَكَفَى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً.  Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) proclaims:   - وَاَللَّهِ لَوْ وَضَعُوا الشَّمْسَ فِي يَمِينِي وَالْقَمَرَ فِي يَسَارِي عَلَى أَنْ أَتْرُكَ هَذَا الْأَمْرَ حَتَّى يُظْهِرَهُ اللَّهُ أَوْ أَهْلِكَ فِيهِ مَا تَرَكْتُهُ. The Holy Quran and the Seerah refer to some underlying milestones on the way of religious nations to status of khalafah and tamkeen fin ‘ard. These milestones may be expressed in an order as: da‘wah [preaching], deen [practices of prophetic teachings], hijrah [migration], ma‘iyyat-ul-Allah [companionship of Allah], qital [wars], nusrat-ul-Allah [divine aid], izhar-ud-deen [domination of deen] and khilafah [inheritance of authority]. This is noteworthy that journey of khalafah and tamkeen fin ‘ard begins with da‘wah [preaching towards deen] and passing through various milestones ends up again at da‘wah, as obvious from ayat-ul-istakhlaf quoted above. Therefore, the seekers of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard should strive hard and keep struggling with the work of da‘wah with dedication in all circumstances and all means as per time and place requirements in lined with the modus operandi of Prophets, particularly Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w), instead of awaiting the status of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard as prerequisite to start with the work of da‘wah and establishment of deen. This paper primarily aims to elaborate the milestones of Muslim Ummah to reach to the status of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard. It also cast light on the objectives of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard. This work provides useful guidance to Muslim Ummah in general and Ahlud da‘wah in particular about milestones and objectives of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard.

Characterization of Ligninolytic Enzymes Produced by Schyzophyllum Commune in Solid State Cultures for Industrial Applications

The potential of an indigenous white rot fungus Shyzophylum commune IBL-06 for the production of ligninolytic enzymes in solid state fermentation of banana stalk was investigated. The production process was further improved by optimizing some physical parameters (incubation time, moisture level, pH, temperature, inoculums size) and nutritional factors (carbon and nitrogen sources, carbon: nitrogen ratio, mediators and metal ions). By optimization of different parameters the maximum activities of enzyme synthesized by S. Commune IBL-06 were 3745 IU/mL of MnP, 2700 IU/mL of LiP and 345 IU/mL of Laccase after 3 days incubation at рH 4.5 and 35°C temperature with inoculum size, 3mL; moisture content, 60%; C: N ratio, 20:1(glucose and ammonium nitrate as carbon and nitrogen supplements), 1mM MnSO4 as mediator, 1mL and 1.25mM MgSO4 .7H2Oa, 1mL. The enzymes produced under optimum conditions were purified by (NH4SO4)2 precipitation, dialysis and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzymes were run on SDS-PAGE and characterized through kinetic studies. The purified MnP was a monomeric protein with mass of 40 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature for MnP were 5 and 40°C with 0.29 mM KM and 450mM/min Vmax using MnSO4 as substrate. The enzyme was activated by 1mM CuSO4 but was inhibited by CaCl2, EDTA, TEMED, β- Marcaptoethanol, AgNO3 and Pb(NO3)2. The molecular weight of purified LiP was 43KDa and it displayed a single band on SDS-PAGE. LiP showed optimum pH 5.0, optimum temperature, 35°C; KM, 0.5 mM and Vmax, 400 mM/min using varatryl alcohol as substrate. The enzyme was inhibited by CuSO4, MnSO4, CaCl2, EDTA, TEMED, β-Marcaptoethanol, AgNO3, Pb(NO3)2. Molecular mass of Laccase was 63 kDa and it had optimum рH 6.0, optimum temperature 40°C, KM value 0.25mM and Vmax 80mM/min using ABTS as substrate. The laccase activity was enhanced by 2mM CuSO4, and was inhibited by MnSO4, CaCl2, EDTA, TEMED, β-Marcaptoethanol, AgNO3, Pb(NO3)2. Crude ligninase extract decoulorized Novasol direct blue dye to 80%, followed by Novasol direct yellow dye to 60%, Novasol direct red to 38% and Novasol direct black to 37%. The effluent from Magna textile industry was maximally decolorized to 87% in 24 hours, followed by effluents from Crescent, Arzoo and Chenab textile industries. S. Commune IBL-06 produced high activities of MnP and LiP having higher catalytic activities as compared to most of the previously reported enzymes.