الاصابہ فی تمییز الصحابہ میں نماز و روزے سے متعلقہ روایاتِ اَحکام کا تحقیقی جائزہ Research Review of the Traditions of Rulings on Prayer and Fasting in Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah

The book “Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah” is a famous book of Ibn Ḥajar ‘Asqalānī on the life and contribution of the Companions. This book is quoted as a reference to decide the status of companions. It would not be wrong to call it the encyclopedia of the companions of the Holy Prophetﷺ. Apart from its status as a reference book regarding the companions this book encompasses the Seerah of Holy Prophet in a detailed and well composed manner. The distinction of the book is not hidden from the experts of science and research. In the book and other similar books, the life of the companions was discussed and the biography of the Prophet ﷺwas also described, but another aspect that remained unexplored in these books is the virtues and commandments mentioned in it. There are also narrations about virtues. In this paper the researcher has evaluated the Hadiths related to prayer and fasting that are narrated in Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah. The evaluation comprises of authenticity of narrators and text, narrators’ mutual association or disassociation and the final decree about the authenticity of a hadith in the light of all available evidences.

Effectiveness of Political Parties in Pakistan a Cross Party Study to Measure Party Effectiveness and its Interrelationship With Intra Party Democracy, Political Finance, and Political Communication Among Political Parties of Pakistan

Existing theories of the political party as an effective political organization focus on its delivering functions. The purpose of this research thesis is to explore and analyses the effectiveness of political parties, and to show the relationship among key variables under study such as, the Political Communication, the Political Finance and the Intra-Party Democracy on the effectiveness of major political parties in Pakistan. This study explores and discusses the way that these variables could create and establish the effectiveness model of the political party which can be best be compared and contrasted on the basis of these significant factors. A theoretically-oriented method was established to measure the impact of key factors like Intra Party Democracy, Political Finance and Political Communication and their contribution in ensuring and bringing the effectiveness of political parties in Pakistan. The primary data was gathered from a sample of 1000 respondents from eight different political parties. The sample consisted of people pertaining to multiple backgrounds and positions from all provinces of Pakistan and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. The instrument was developed and its validity and reliability was ensured. For empirical verification, in-depth statistical tests were applied including the Multiple Regression, the Structural Equation Model (SEM), theOne Sample T-test, the correlation, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis in order to test various assumptions of the study. Ten unstructured interviews were conducted to add in-depth richer insights into the study and support the most conceptual links in the qualitative model and lend support to most of the hypothesized one. Basedon these statistical assumptions, it can be revealed that factors like intra party democracy, political finance, and political communication have a significant impact on party effectiveness. This research revealed that most of the parties are internally less democratic with no defined and structured processes of electing leadership and candidates. Political parties are perceived as organizationally weak, personality-based, less securely rooted in society, ideologically less pragmatic, and institutionally weak. As a political institution , the political party can best aggregate the interest and mobilize the general public when strong institutional practices of electing leadership and candidates are well anchored in the formal processes of political parties. Research also delineates that a major contributory factor to the effectiveness, i.e. Political Finance has significant impact on party effectiveness and lays emphasis on improving civil society oversight in ensuring transparency and accountability in political finance. The research recommends that parties should ensure more inclusiveness in the decision-making process, build formal process and structure of democratic decision-making and strengthen Political Communication and Political Finance mechanisms, that political parties should be more representative, transparent and accountable in decision-making and it also suggests measures to build and enhance party effectiveness.