حضرت خدیجہؓ سے شادی اور ان کا کاروبار
اعتراض نمبر۹۰
جب آپ ؐ جوان ہوگئے اور مضبوط ہوگئے( آپ کے پاس زیادہ مال نہ تھا) سیدہ خدیجہؓ نے آپﷺ کو تجارت کے لیے اجرت پر بلالیا۔۔اور حضور ؐ کے ساتھ ایک اور آدمی کو اجرت پر رکھ لیا‘‘ ( اردو ترجمہ دلائل نبوہ ۱۔۶۴۔۔ ابوبکر احمد بن الحسین بیہقی)
’ تاریخی کتب سے یہ تاثر ابھرتا ہے کہ نبی مکرمﷺ کو سیدہ خدیجہؓ نے گویا اپنا ملازم یا تجارتی کارندہ مقرر کیا تھا‘‘ ( سیرت اعلان نبوت سے پہلے۔۲۹۵۔۲۹۴)
جواب:صاحب ضیا النبی( ۔۲۔۲۱۷) لکھتے ہیں کہ آپ( خدیجہ) اپنے نمائندوں کو سامان تجارت دے کر روانہ کرتیں‘ جو آپ کی طرف سے کاروبار کرتے۔ اس کی دو صورتیں تھیں ۔
اول: یا تو ملازم ہوتے، ان کی اجرت یا تنخواہ مقرر ہوتی جو انھیں دی جاتی‘ نفع و نقصان سے انھیں کوئی سروکار نہ تھا۔
دوم: یا نفع میں ان کا کوئی حصہ ،نصف یا چہارم مقرر کر دیا جاتا۔ اگر نفع ہوتا تو وہ اپنا حصہ لے لیتے ۔بصورت دیگر یعنی نقصان کی صورت میں ساری ذمہ داری خدیجہؓ پر عائد ہوتی ‘ اس کو شریعت میں’’ عقد مضاربہ‘‘ کہتے ہیں۔ آنحضرت ایک خود مختار اور خوش حال تاجر تھے۔ آپ نے کسی تاجر کی ملازمت کبھی اختیار نہیں کی تھی‘ ڈاکٹر تحسین فراقی نے کتاب کے تعارف میں لکھا ’’ ایک عام تاثر یہ پایا جاتا ہے کہ حضرت خدیجہ نے حضورؐ کو اپنا ملازم یا تجارتی کارندہ مقرر کیا تھا۔حالانکہ حقیقت یہ ہے کہ حضرت خدیجہ ؓ سے نکاح سے بہت پہلے آپؐ خود مختار اور خوش حال تاجر کے طور پر معروف ہو چکے تھے اور اس ذیل میں قیس بن السائب کی روایت استناد کا درجہ رکھتی ہے۔
ایک اور روایت:ابو طالب نے اپنے بھتیجے سے کہا ’’ میں...
This is the well-known fact that ebadat are the most important articles of Islam. Ebadat bring many spiritual and material benefits to worshipers (Muslim), and this included peace of mind and satisfaction of heart. This point is discussed in this article in detail with reference to the relevant verses of Quran and Prophetic Sunnah in the light of Tafaseer perspectives. A person who bow to Allah Almighty sincerely, he offers prayers in time and pay Zakat to get the Will of Allah, he becomes a great man who is blessed with peace of mind as being agree in every condition with believing in Allah SWT being as satisfaction for him and makes him free from mental tension and anxiety. In the view of Quran e Kareem, the main reason for giving details of the rewards and benedictions of the Paradise is to develop satisfaction within the hearts of the worshipers. It is observed that only the way of attaining real peace of mind and satisfaction of heart is to be punctual and regular in offering prayers and paying zakat sincerely realization in the true sense.
This study is confined to identify novel non-edible oil seeds as renewable feedstock for eco-friendly biodiesel synthesis. In this project nine novel non-edible oil seeds have been investigated systematically including collection, morphological identification and scanning electron microscopic studies, oil contents estimation, oil extraction, biodiesel synthesis, optimization, characterization and fuel properties analysis in comparison with international biodiesel standard that is GB/T (20828), American (ASTM D-6751, ASTM D-951) and European standards (EN-14214). The non-edible oil seeds used in this study includes Raphanus raphanistrum L., Prunus Cerasoides D. Don., Celastrus paniculatuswilld., Lepidium perfoliatum L., Corylus colurna L., Datura metel auctt. non L. sensu Clarke, Capparis spinose L., Pistacia chinensis ssp. Integerrima (J.L. Stewart) Rech., and Sinapis arvensis L. Nine different catalysts, categories into three groups i.e clay based catalyst (single metal base, clay metal hybrid composites, clay and metal oxide), metal complex and metal organic framework complex, were synthesized using in-situ wet impregnation method and reflux transesterification procedure was used for synthesis of biodiesel. Additionally, reusability study of synthesized catalysts was also done. All the oil seeds have low acid value (> 3% FFA) required for transesterification except Celastrus paniculatus seed oil (2.98 mg / KOH). Therefore, in case of Celastrus paniculatus acid esterification, involving use of sulphuric acid (1% H2SO4) as catalyst was employed to reduce its acid value prior to transesterification. In addition, optimization of different transesterification variables was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) built on Box-Benken Design. Results showed that maximum biodiesel yield (90.2%) was recorded for Capparis spinosa using Cu-Ni doped ZrO2 catalyst (1: 12 oil to methanol ratio, 2.5% catalyst amount, at 70 oC for 1.5 h) followed by Sinapis arvensis (90%) with Zr-MOF-67 (9: 1 oil to methanol ratio, 1.5% catalyst amount, at 70 oC for 2.5 h) and Celastrus paniculatus (89.42%) using trimetallic (Ce, Cu, La) loaded montmorillonite clay catalyst (1:12 oil to methanol ratio, 3.5% catalyst amount, at 120°C for 3 h). While, the lowest biodiesel yield was observed for Raphanus raphanistrum (83%) with Cu loaded montmorillonite clay catalyst (1:12 oil to methanol ratio, 4% catalyst amount, at 150°C for 5 h). These findings clearly depict that all the synthesized catalysts (Cu-Mmt, Cd-Mn-Mmt, Ce-Cu-La-Mmt, ZrOBT, Ni-BT, Mn-BT, Cu-Ni doped ZrO2, Co-Cr doped ZrO2 and Zr-MOF-67) were novel, active, and reusable during the process of transesterification for efficient conversion of seed oil to higher biodiesel yield. Based on these experimental findings the feedstock used in this project as raw material is novel, economically feasible and should be used for commercial production at mass scale. The study further recommends the mass cultivation of such feasible novel non- edible feedstock at global perspective to produce biodiesel at industrial level.
