اجماع کی اہمیت شریعت اسلامی کی روشنی میں

Ijmāʿ is an important mode of Ijtihād and well known principle of Islamic Sharʿiah. Historically it is evident that incidence of Ijmāʿ )Consensus( restricted only to four Caliphates of Islam only. This Collective Ijtihād and Collective Opinion was actually the decision of the Islamic State followed and obeyed by the all Muslims specially by "Ṣaḥābah" (Companions of the Holy Prophet), this is why it is called Ijmāʿ-e- Ṣaḥābah. These decisions were applicable and binding to all Muslims living elsewhere in the world, because at that time there was centralized ruling system (Khilāfat-e-Wāḥidah). Now Muslim world has split into many states, so every state has its own decision making institutions and hence such Ijtihād and Ijmāʿ, Islamic Legislation Activities should be validated within those states as Ijtihād and Ijmāʿ except issues relevant to general interest as whole human being and all Muslims. In such issues International level consensus of Islamic Jurists would be required. "Ijmāʿ", actually it is the same processes. More over any "Ijmāʿ" held in a time period can be revoked by any new situation in future as per requirement of the time. It is the inevitable demand of dynamism of Islam to correlate it to every need of the time.

A Study of Non-Observance of Gricean Maxims in Females Formal Speech

According to Grice, we must adhere to four maxims i.e. the maxim of quantity, quality, relevance and manner, in our speech. Adherence to these maxims makes a speaker obliged that the information passed by him/her must carry quantity in it i.e. it should be as informative as is required. In quality maxim, the contribution of a speaker should be based on truth and s/he should not say something without having complete knowledge. Lastly, the contribution should be relevant and clear as well (Grice, 1975). Observance of these maxims in cooperative principle is a rational behavior which benefits the participants in conversation (Verschueren, 1999). Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the present study to investigate non-observance of Gricean maxims in females’ formal speech and the reasons behind it. For exploring non-observance of quantity, relevance and manner maxims in females’ formal speech formal presentations of females were recorded in national / international conferences and workshops. The results have proved that there is observance of the maxims of relevance and manner however there is non-observance of the quantity maxim in females’ formal speech. Thus, contrary to the common belief that women are more talkative, they spoke less in the formal speech. One can also see close association between age/qualification and observance, for instance, the observance of maxims is higher in older females’ speech as compared to the younger ones. Similarly, females with higher qualification observed the maxims of relevance and manner but flouted the maxim of quantity.