تمهيد
الحمد لله سبحانہ وتعالیٰ وأصلي علی حبیبہ ورسولہ وخاتم الأنبیاء والمرسلین وبعد:
أقدم ھذا الکتاب الذي هو نتیجۃ تعبي وجھدي ومثابرتي وإرشادات أساتذتي ،لقُراء وأُدباء اللغۃ العربیۃ کي یکون مرجعاً مفیداً لھم في أبحاثھم في الشعر العربي أو الشعر الأردو، فإنني بحثت عن شعراء العصر الجدید في الدول العربیۃ وشعراء العصر الحديث في الباکستان في مختلف اللغات وخاصۃ في الأدب الأردو ، فھناک شخصیتان معروفتان وامرأتان عظیمتان وشاعرتان بارعتان لفتتا انتباھي وأعجبني أسلوبھما وأفکارھما ومھارتھما في صناعۃ الأفکار الجدیدۃ من المعاني القدیمۃ؛ إحداها عراقية عربية اللغة وهي ( نازك الملائكة) والثانية باكستانية أُردية اللغة وهي ( بروين شاكر)، فبذلک قمت بالمقارنۃ بین شعراء العرب وشعراء الباکستان، ثم قمت بالمقارنۃ بین نازک الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر منذ ولادتھما إلی وفاتھما في جمیع النواحي وفي کل الأمور وخاصۃً- وھو الأھم- قمت بالمقارنة بین أشعارھما وقصائدھما بشکل مجمل مفھوم بسيط دون التدقیق في البلاغۃ والنقد. ومن خلال بحثي اكتشفتُ الكثير من أسرار حياتِهما والكثير من أفكارهما الفلسفية والعلاقات الرومانتيكية، وأحوال الحياة من أفراح وأحزان ومتاعب ومصائب الأيام، وھُنا لم أدع بأنني بلغتُ الکمال في علمي وبحثي فالکمال لِله وحدہُ سبحانہُ وتعالیٰ لا شریک لہ، وأدعو المولی عز وجلّ أن یجعل ھذا العمل خالصاً لوجہ الکریم، وأن یوفقني لإتمام ھذا الكتاب علی أکمل وجہ قدر المستطاع۔
وما توفیقي إلا باﷲ وھو ولي التوفیق۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔
الكاتبة
دكتورة: مکية نبي بخش
This study aims to see the implementation of blended learning in Ulumul Qur'an courses at uin Alauddin Makassar Postgraduate. The method used in this study uses a type of qualitative research related to the implementation of Blended Learning Courses Ulumul Qur'an at the Postgraduate UIN Alauddin Makassar. The results showed that: (1) the description of the model of implementation of the implementation of the study blended Ulumul Qur'an courses at the Postgraduate UIN Alauddin Makassar using a dual-system that is a combination of conventional systems with online. More use of online learning systems during the Pandemic (80%) compared to traditional face-to-face learning systems. The merger of the two systems includes the incorporation of learning resources as well (learning modules, textbooks, and journals), the implementation of learning (online discussions, watching videos, and accessing supporting resources, and the incorporation of a learning evaluation system, including standardized assessment through quizzing, midterm exams, and final exams. (2) the results of the implementation of blended learning in Ulumul Qur'an courses are illustrated from five main aspects, namely (a) increased utilization of various sources, (b) increased active participation, (c) increased ability to construct knowledge, (d) activation of feedback, and (e) improvement of academic achievement
Plants play a vital role for the existence of life in the Universe. They not only provide food to animals and humans, but also synthesize chemicals which are used for their own defense as well as being used by man as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals etc. God has gifted Pakistan with enormous varieties of medicinal plants. Out of these plants only 20 % have been studied for their therapeutic potential. Therefore, there is a need of coordinated and well organized efforts in the area of chemistry of indigenous medicinal plants of Pakistan. The present Ph.D. thesis deals with the phytochemical studies on three indigenous medicinal plants of Pakistan namely Plumeria rubra, Plumeria obtusa and Salsola imbricata. The whole thesis is divided into 6 chapters. Chapter 1 offers the introduction of natural product chemistry and economical and pharmaceutical role of Family Apocynaceae and Chenopodaceae on living organism and human health. Chapter 2 deals with the study of various classes of bioactive secondary metabolites obtained from plants, marine organism and fungi. This chapter provides an overview of secondary metabolites their occurrence in natural sources, their economical role as pesticide, drugs, Page 16 agrochemicals, toxins and pharmaceutical and their biological effects on living organisms. Chapter 3 describes the genus Plumeria, its economical, pharmacological and phytochemical properties. In this chapter the pharmacology of various isolates from the genus Plumeria and biological activities of various species and their extract has been discussed. Almost all the phytochemical isolated up to date from the various species of Plumeria has been assembled year wise in this chapter. Chapter 4 is divided into two parts. Part A deals with the phytochemical studies of Plumeria rubra, including structure elucidation and experimental detail of isolated secondary metabolites from this specie. The methanolic extract of this plant was divided into hexane and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate soluble part yielded five new compounds: a flavanone glycoside; rubranonoside (161), a sphingolipid; rubranin (162), an iridoid galactoside; rubridoidside (163), two nor-terpenoids; rubrajaleelol (164) and rubrajaleelic acid (165) together with 1-a-plumieride (87), plumieride p-Z-coumarate (133) and plumieride-p-E-coumarate (134), oleanolic acid (114) and b-sitosterol glucoside (166) on column chromatography. Their structures were assigned by ID and 2D-NMR in combination with EIMS, HR-EIMS and FAB-MS techniques. Structures of the known compounds were determined due to spectroscopic analyses or in comparison with the literature. Among them, 87 and 133 are the reported for the first time from this specie. The structure elucidation of these compounds is in process of publication in peer reviewed journal