ڈاکٹر شانتی سروپ
ڈاکٹر شانتی سروپ بڑی خاموشی سے اس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے، شخصیت پر نام اگر اثر انداز ہوتا ہے تو ڈاکٹر صاحب اس کا ایک سچا نمونہ تھے، سکوت و سکون کا پیکر، ہمیشہ ریشم و شبنم کی طرح بزم اور صہبا و نسیم کی مانند خراماں۔
جناب سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن مرحوم کے زمانہ میں وہ اکثر دارالمصنفین آتے، مولانا ضیاء الدین اصلاحی مرحوم سے بھی یہی تعلق رہا، کبھی کبھی وہ اس خاکسار کے کمرے میں بھی تشریف لاتے اور یہ صرف اس وضع داری کے پاس میں جس پروہ برسوں سے عمل پیرا تھے، ہمارے یہ دونوں بزرگ ان کا جس عزت و محبت سے استقبال کرتے اس سے اندازہ ہوتا کہ ڈاکٹر صاحب فضل و کمال کی نعمت سے مالا مال ہیں اور جب برسوں پہلے ان کو دارالمصنفین کا رفیق اعزازی بنایا گیا تو یہ احساس اور قوی ہوگیا کیوں کہ دارالمصنفین کی تاریخ میں وہ پہلے غیرمسلم تھے جن کو اس علمی اعزاز سے نوازا گیا۔
مدت سے ان کی آمد کا یہ سلسلہ موقوف رہا اور جب ان کی خبر ملی تو اس طرح کہ وہ اس دنیا میں چلے گئے جہاں سے اب کبھی واپس نہ آئیں گے۔
ان کا ذکر چلا تو معلوم ہوا کہ انہوں نے بڑی خاموشی سے اپنی زندگی کا بیشتر حصہ علمی انہماک میں گزارا، خاص موضوع ہندوستان کی ثقافتی تاریخ تھا، جس میں انہوں نے کئی ایسی کتابیں مرتب کیں جو اپنے موضوع پر گہرے مطالعہ اور سچے تجزیے کی وجہ سے ہندوستان اور باہر کے ملکوں میں قدر و منزلت کے ساتھ قبول کی گئیں، جیسے آرٹس اینڈ کرافٹس آف انڈیا اینڈ پاکستان، ۵۰۰۰ یرس آف انڈیا آرٹس اینڈ کرافٹس آف انڈیا اینڈ پاکستان، فلورا اینڈ فونا ان مغل آرٹ، مغل آرٹ اے اسٹڈی ان ہینڈی کرافٹس، اس...
Prayer [al-Ṣalāh] is the second most important pillar of Islām. This is the ritual which is supposed to be offered by all the Muslims, who come of age and are sane, regardless of their status and wealth. Following the acceptance of Islām, offering Prayer is the foremost obligation of a Muslim, which is considered the prime manifestation and the testimony of his or her practical submission to Allāh and His religion, Islām. Faith in Allāh is the foundation of Islām, in the same way, Prayer is the practical foundation of Islām. Therefore, the Prophet (S. A. W) laid stress on the significance of Prayer, the most. Only those, who are steadfast in their Prayers and safeguard them are really aware of its importance, and only they can expect from Allāh to give them their reward, thus, they are the true believers. The importance and reality of Prayer can be understood only by that person who is well aware of this relation between man and Allāh and only he can feel its true spiritual pleasure. The effects of Prayer are prominently visible in the daily life of Muslims. The history of Prayer is as old as the religion itself. Its concept has been a part of all the religions, however, they have different ways to perform it. In this paper, the author explores the Islamic academic sources to ascertain the importance and the status of Prayer in Islām. Also, he explores its history, the tidings and remuneration of Prayer and of the rites and rituals belonging to it, e. G., Mosque, Āzān, Iqāmat, Rukū‘ (to bow down), Prostration, Maintenance of Ranks, etc.
Responses of 50 varieties/lines of Gossypium hirsutum L. to three NaCl salinity levels i.e., control, 10 dS/m and 20 dS/m, were compared at seedling stage. The results revealed that increase in NaCl salinity, after 30 days growth, considerably affected the growth of roots and shoots, but the effect was more pronounced on roots. Based upon absolute and relative salt tolerance, using root length and shoot length data, three varieties/lines i.e., NIAB 78, B 557 and MNH 522 were found to be salt tolerant, and by contrast Qalandri, MNH 147 and BP52NC63 were found to be salt sensitive. The estimates of broadsense heritability of root length was high, suggested that improvement in salinity tolerance in Gossypium hirsutum L. is possible exploiting the existing variation through selection and breeding. Leaves of six selected lines/varieties grown in control, 10 and 20 dS/m were stored separately for one week in micro-tubes in deep freezer. The concentration of Na + and K + ions in the sample were measured with the help of flame photometer. Uptake of K + in relation to Na + (K + /Na + ) was computed. The tolerant cultivars had lower concentration of Na + and more concentration of K + and thus K + /Na + ratio in the leaves was high than sensitive ones. Genetic diversity in species at molecular level provides an accurate estimate of phenotypic diversity. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting technique was used to measure the relationship between six selected parents. It was revealed that three varieties NIAB78, MNH522 and B557 clustered in one group (A), and the other three namely Qalandri, MNH147 and BP52NC63 formed the second group (B). For the development of plant material for genetic studies, six parents were crossed according to diallel crossing system to get F 1 seeds. The genetic basis of variation found in responses of accessions/lines to 17.5 dS/m, 20 dS/m and control, 30 F 1 hybrids and six parents were allowed to grow upto maturity. The data on plant height, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, ginning percentage, yield of seed cotton per plant, total biomass per plant, staple length, fibre strength, fibre finess, Na + contents, K + contents, K + /Na + ratio and proline accumulation were collected. From the data it is shown that all the characters were found to be controlled by additive properties of the genes at low salinity (17.5 dS/m), whilst boll weight and proline accumulation appeared to be affected by non-additive genes under 20 dS/m salinity. Plant height, number of bolls, boll weight, yield of seed cotton, total biomass, Na + , Na + / K + and proline accumulation was revealed to be effected by the additive genes. Although cumulative genes effects appeared to be important in controlling variation in salinity tolerance, dominance acted towards greater NaCl tolerance. This data suggests that possibility of breeding Gossypium hirsutum L. does exist in the material.