COMPARISON OF PATELLAR MOBILIZATION AND TAPING IN PATIENT WITH PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME

Background of the Study: To compare patellar taping and mobilization plus conventional therapy for reducing knee pain in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Methodology: Controlled trial with 50 participants divided into two groups who received different treatments for 6 weeks: Group A had patellar taping and iliotibial band stretching, while Group B had patellar mobilization and quadriceps strengthening. Participants received three treatment sessions weekly for six weeks. The VAS was used to conduct pre and post-test pain evaluations for groups A and B. Results: Knee pain decreased in PFPS patients receiving patellar taping (Group A) or mobilization (Group B) using VAS (p<0.05). All treatments are effective for PFPS. The VAS scores after 6 weeks of post A and post B treatments assessed. After 6 weeks of taping, mean = 0.76±0.83. After 6 weeks, mean and SD = 1.20±1.12 from patellar mobilization. No significant difference between means (p = 0.12, α ≤ 0.05). Insignificance. Conclusion: The result of the study indicated that after 6 weeks of treatment for both patellar taping and patellar mobilization were effective in decreasing pain in PFPS.

Quantum Effects on Low Frequency Waves in Dense Plasmas

Thelowfrequencyelectrostaticandelectromagneticwavesindenseplasmas arestudied usingthequantumhydrodynamicformulation.Severallinearandnonlinearwavesin uniform as well as nonuniform plasmas are investigated taking into account the quantum diffraction and quantum statistical effects. In an inhomogenous plasma, the drift type wave can appear which doesn’t require electron temperature to be non‐zero for its existence and the electron quantum effects contribute to the wave dispersion at very short length scales. Theeffectofstationarydustisalsodiscussed.Itisalsofoundthatthedriftwaveof ultracolddenseplasmacancouplewithAlfvenwaveandthelineardispersionrelationis analogoustotheclassicalplasmacase.Butphysically,boththedispersionrelationsare verydifferent.Thedispersionrelationsareanalyzednumericallyforparticularcasesof ultracold dense plasma. In a homogenous quantum plasmas, the linear waves are studied for electron‐ion as well as stationarydustcase.Itisfoundthatthequantumion‐acousticwavefrequencyinthe presenceofbackgrounddustincreaseswithelectronquantumeffectsanddust concentration.Inamagnetizedelectron‐ionplasma,thewavefrequencyincreaseswith electron number density and magnetic field. The linearly coupled electrostatic and Alfven wavesarealsoinvestigatedandtheroleofelectronfermionicpressureinthewave dynamicsofdensequantumplasmasispointedout.Acomparisonoffermionicpressure with the quantum pressure due to Bohm potential term is presented. The limit of ultracold dense plasma is discussed in the light of this comparison. The wave dispersion properties for static as well as dynamic ions are elaborated. In the nonlinear regime, it is found that the dust concentration in unmagnetized plasma increasestheamplitudeandwidthofdustion‐acousticsolitonwhereastheincreasein quantumdiffractionparameterreducesthewidthofthesoliton,butdoesn’taffectits amplitude. For, magnetized electron‐ion quantumplasma, the quantumdiffraction effects arefoundtoincreasetheamplitudeaswellaswidthofthesolitons.Theincreasein magnetic field shrinks the soliton keeping the amplitude constant. The results presented in this thesis are supported by numerical analysis and illustrations. Therelevanceofthestudywiththedenseastrophysicalandlaboratoryplasmasisalso pointed out. Keywords: Dense quantum plasmas, low frequency waves, quantum effects, solitons, etc.