پروفیسر میاں مقبول احمد کی
’’مقبول ضرب الامثال‘‘
کسی علاقے کی زبان خصوصاََ اس کے محاورے اور ضرب الامثال علاقے کی تہذیب و ثقافت،دانش،معیشت و معاشرت کی بھرپور عکاسی کرتے ہیں۔اس کے علاوہ ان میں سموئے ہوئے صدیوں کے معاشرتی رویے اور تجربے آنے والی نسلوں کیلئے مشعل راہ کا کام کرتے ہیں۔وہ حقائق و واقعات جن کے اظہار کیلئے ایک دفتر کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ضرب الامثال انہیں چند لفظوں میں سمیٹ کر گویا دریا کو کوزے میں بند کر دیتے ہیں۔ان سے معاشرتی،ثقافتی،مذہبی اور سیاسی رحجانات کا بھرپور اظہار ہوتا ہے۔دنیا میں جتنی زبانیں بولی یا پڑھی جاتی ہیں۔یہ ان میں موجود ہوتے ہیں۔زبان کا حسن بھی یہی ہے کہ اس میں ضرب الامثال شامل ہوں۔دو یا دو سے زیادہ الفاظ کے مجموعے کو جو اپنے مجازی معنوں میں استعمال ہوں محاورہ کہتے ہیں۔اسی طرح ضرب المثل بھی اپنے مجازی معنوں میں استعمال ہوتی ہے۔یہ ایک طرح کے جملے ہیں جو انسانی تجربات و مشاہدات کو ظاہر کرتے ہیں، یا کسی خاص واقعے کا عکس ہوتے ہیں۔
’’مقبول ضرب الامثال‘‘ بے شمار خوبیوں کی حامل کتاب ہے۔اس کی ایک خوبی یہ ہے کہ اس میں بے شمار تہذیبیں اور ثقافتیں گلے ملتی نظر آتی ہیں اور یہ خوبی اس موضوع کی کسی دوسری کتاب میں خال خال ہی نظر آتی ہے۔میرے خیال میں پروفیسر صاحب نے وسعت نظری کا ثبوت دیتے ہوئے ایک اہم اور بے مثال تصنیف کی ہے۔بعض ضرب الامثال ایسی نظر آئیں گی جو معمولی سے فرق کے ساتھ اس دھرتی کے بہت سے علاقوں میں بولی جاتی ہیں۔
دوسری خوبی یہ ہے کہ پروفیسر صاحب نے اپنے مواد کی تشریح میں جگہ جگہ پنجابی ،اردو اور انگریزی کہاوتوں اور اقوال کو بھی اس میں شامل کرکے اسے...
Background and Aims: Muscle strength is the key area to measure the functional status of an individual. Different tools and techniques has been used to detect strength differences and deficits. Hand- held dynamometer is one of the most affordable and handy tools used for this purpose. This study was designed to determine intra-rater reliability of hand- held dynamometer to measure muscle strength in different muscle groups of lower extremity of young athletes. It will further explore the reliability of hand- held dynamometer.
Methodology: In this cross- sectional study young players of squash and badminton in the age group of 18-26 years were selected. The participants were recruited by non- probability convenience sampling technique. The strength of major muscle groups of lower limb was measured by a single male tester twice with gap through isometric make test of dynamometer. The intra-class correlation coefficient was then calculated for two readings of each muscle group by using SPSS version 21.
Results: The intra- class correlation coefficient showed good to excellent reliability. The hip abductors, hip adductors, hip extensors of left side, knee flexors and knee extensors showed excellent reliability. Whereas, hip flexors, ankle plantar- flexors and dorsi-flexors of both sides showed excellent reliability at 95 % confidence interval.
Conclusion: The isometric make test of dynamometer is a reliable tool for the objectification of strength of lower limb in young players participating in squash and badminton.
Jam’iat-ul-ulama-i-Sarhad established in 1920s in the British North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) soon spread in all parts of the province. The study is analyzing the role played by ulama for the social reforms and political awakening of Muslims in the British India in general and particularly in Frontier region during the decisive period of freedom movement (1920-1947). The legacy of Shah Waliullah’s thoughts and its impact on the socio-religious mobilization of the Mujahedin movement and the Pakhtun resistance towards foreign powers during the 19th century, created multiple individualities of the people of NWFP as Pakhtun, Muslims and Indians. The Frontier province had 93% Muslim population during the time under review and thus had a special position among the eleven provinces of the British India. The study focuses on the questions of the contributions of Jam’iat-ul-ulama-i-Sarhad in the political development of NWFP; the nature of its struggle for the sharia laws in the colonial era; its success and failure in seeking help and cooperation of other organizations in the preservation and promulgation of sharia; its responses to the British policies in the region and the internal differences on the question of creation of Pakistan. It was found that Jam’iat-ul-ulama-i-Sarhad played a vital role in mobilizing the people during the Khilafat and Hijrat movements against the British. The ulama were also helpful in connecting the people of NWFP with other parts of Indo-Pak Sub-continent by organizing different conferences in the province. The ulama contributed in organizing Pakhtun against the British imperial policies during the inter wars period. The religio-political leadership also responded to different parliamentary Acts/regulations and actively engaged in Islamic legislation in the province. They motivated members of legislative council and successful in getting a sharia bill passed from the provincial legislative council in 1936. They also cooperated with other political parties in the socio-economic development as well as electoral politics in the province. However, after the Pakistan Resolution of 1940, differences emerged between different ulama over the question of Pakistan. This continued until the referendum of 1947 and the partition of Indian subcontinent. The study, in the light of document analysis techniques, employing descriptive, historical methods and analyzing archival materials and documents available inside and outside Pakistan, concludes that the ulama in NWFP were very instrumental in the socio-political awakening of the common masses in the region in the light of which the subsequent waves of religiosity can be understood academically.