Historical Contribution of Islamic Waqf in Human Capital Development Through Funding Education

Islam being a complete code of life encompasses all aspects of a person’s personal and social life. Islam considers those as Muslims who submit to the will of Allah Almighty in all aspects of life. Islam is not merely a matter of private life and its worship system is not restricted only to a set of rituals, but has pervasive social consequences and develops a strong sense of moral society based on system of rules around center of universal concept of justice. Therefore, Islam proposed institutions with relation to justice, governance, cooperation and solidarity for achieving high economic growth and development. Achievement of development and growth of economy is fast in a society or country if it has developed human capital (human resource). Human capital is developed when education is imparted and facilities of health and sound life are provided to human beings. According to Islamic principles, if human beings cannot afford proper education in the society (or other facilities such as health care) then those who are well off endow their properties in Zakat, Awqaf (plural of waqf) and Charities for their better development and nourishment. These properties when endowed as Awqaf are deployed for propagation of education (knowledge, skills, training etc.) by establishing Madrassas (schools, maktabs, colleges, universities etc.) libraries, translating books, and conducting research. In Islamic society there were many Awqaf founded for establishing Madrassas. This paper is dedicated to discuss the development of human capital through education funded by Islamic Awqaf by reviewing literature.

Identification of Therapeutically Important Molecules Against Breast Cancer Cells

Breast cancer is the cancer that develops from breast tissues. Presence of a lump in breast tissue, discharge from the nipple or change in shape, size and color of breast are among the prominent signs of breast cancer.Several factors are responsible in increasing the risk of the development of breast cancer. These include obesity, alcohol uptake, lack of exercise, predisposing genes, and above all, female sex. A number of treatments are used for breast cancer, including chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and hormonal and targeted therapies. Intravenous chemotherapy which uses cytotoxic drugs is the hallmark of cancer treatment for decades. These cytotoxic agents mainly target rapidly dividing cells, and certain normal cells as well, thereby causing toxicities, such as myelosupression, gastrointestinal symptoms, and hair loss. Significant progress has been made in breast cancer treatment by using systemic agents (non-targeted therapies) and they are still the treatment of choice, despite the appearance of resistance to these treatments. In the recent past, there has been a dramatic shift in cancer therapy, from the use of cytotoxic agents to the development of targeted therapies. This was based on understanding the pathways involved in growth promotion, resistance to apoptosis, and invasive behavior of breast cancer cells. In the past decades, several molecular inhibitors have been identified and tested in clinical trials,that target cancer promoting molecules in cancer cells. Some of the targeted therapies for breast cancer include herceptin, gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinub, bevacizumab, cetuximab, pertuzumab, etc. These targeted therapies target one or more members of the EGFR family. Apart from using single chemotherapeutic agents, polychemotherapy is also used routinely by offering a survival advantage as compared to single agent therapy. Combination therapies significantly improve the therapeutic outcome because they are administered at suboptimal doses, and thus show less toxicities. The present study was carried out to identify new effective agents against breast cancer cells and also to develop new combination therapies that target specific proteins that serve as oncogenic drivers in breast cancer cells. Our focus was to target tyrosine kinases that serve as signaling molecules for the constitutive proliferation of various cancers, including breast cancer. We selected two breast cancer cell lines for our study i.e. (1) MCF-7, an invasive breast ductal carcinoma cell line expressing estrogen and progesterone receptors, and to a small extent expressing EGFR, and is thus hormone- dependent. (2) MDA-MB-231. It is a cell line that does not express estrogen, progesterone and HER2 receptor, but it overexpresses an EGF dependent EGFR. In the first phase of the study, 1,200 fully characterized compounds were evaluated for their ctotoxicity against both breast cancer cell lines. Compounds showing the most potent activities were further selected for combination studies using three tyrosine kinase inhibitors, imatinib, genistein, and erlotinib, to study the synergistic interactions between the compounds in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In the second phase, successful synergistic combinations were selected for mechanistic studies. These combinations were tested for their apoptosis inducing potential, and it was found that these combinations significantly enhance the apoptotic death in breast cancer cells, as compared to the test compounds alone. These combinations were further tested for their effects on phosphotyrosylated proteome of the cells. The total phosphotyrosylated proteome was found to be unaffected, except for the diminishing expression in high molecular weight proteins. Based on these observation, the combinations were further tested for their effects on EGFR, and its phosphotyrosylated form (Y-1068). The combination of imatinib with endoperoxides and resveratrol was shown to inhibit the EGFR and P-EGFR expression on MDA-MB-231 cells, while in MCF-7 cells only P-EGFR expression was inhibited. Combination of genistein with one of the endoperoxide (Compound 34) was found to inhibit P-EGFR, but not EGFR in MCF-7 cells. Combination of erlotinib with thiazol derivatives (compounds 10, and 14) resulted in partial inhibition of EGFR, and complete inhibition of P-EGFR in MDA-MB-231 cells.Combination of erlotinib with a pyrimidine derivative (compound 30) resulted in complete inhibition of both EGFR and P-EGFR on MDA-MB-231 cells. Synergistic combinations were tested for their effect on caspases, involved in apoptosis induction of breast cancer cells. It was observed that in MDA-MB-231 cells apoptosis is induced by an intrinsic pathway through the activation of caspases 9 and 3 while in MCF-7 cells, the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis is induced through the activation of caspases 8 and 6. In conclusion, new synergistic combinations targeting EGFR have been identified and deserve to be further investigated in in vivo settings.