برصغیر میں اصول تفسیر: ارتقاء، تنوع اور اس کے اسباب

Qur’ān is the Words of Allah (SWT). Its interpretation is very difficult job because of the concept that how one can understand the will of Creator. Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was the first exegete of Qur’ān. His companions were the next one. This chain is continuously running till now. In subcontinent, translations of Qur’ān and its exegesis work started in third century Hijrah. Hundreds and Thousands of Qur’ānic exegeses exist in subcontinent in Arabic, Persian, English and Urdu languages. In subcontinent Sir Syed, Modūdī, Farahī, Shabir Uthmānī, are the big names of the field. Everyone has chosen a secluded methodology/principle to interpret the Qur’ān. These principles are known as Usūl-e-Tafsīr. There are many differences among these Usūl, due to personnel mindset and social scenario of different era. The questions that why much diversity exists in these and what are its causes, are being addressed here in this article. On the basis of analytical study, it is found that reason behind this diversity is the concept that exegesis of Quran is based on verbal traditions instead intellectual. Secondly, no one compiled these principles/methods for interpretation of Qur’ān in early centuries. In ninetieth century, due to the challenge of science and Orientalism, some scholars compiled Usūl-e-Tafsīr according to their own understanding and some insisted on traditional continuity.

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Seed Extracts and Their Biomedical Application

Green route was employed for the fabrication of stable silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Setaria verticillata, Cenchrus ciliaris and Azadirachta indica seeds exudates as both reducing and capping agents. The physio-chemical properties of the resulting AgNPs were investigated by employing variety of characterization techniques as UV–visible spectrophotometery; X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. In this study, NPs were synthesized from silver nitrate and various concentrations of the seed extract by a green method. However, all the synthesized AgNPs showed quasi spherical morphology under transmission electron microscope (TEM).SV Ag-NPs are prepared by using S. Verticillata seeds exudates, their in-vitro toxicity was studied on adult earth worms (Lumbricina) resulting in statistically significant (P < 0.05) inhibition, in addition; 3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2, 5diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay with Baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21), revealing dose dependent cytotoxic effect of -NPs.The anti-microbial activities of the 0.75µg/ml Ag-NPs were tested against various gram-positive (Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus warneri) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii) bacteria, demonstrating efficient inhibition of pathogen growth. The sample 40SV were loaded with hydrophilic anticancer drugs (ACD) doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin (DNR) for developing novel drug delivery carrier having significant adsorption capacity and efficiency in order to expurgate the side effects of the medicine, effective for leukemia chemotherapy. A. indica Ag-NPs were rapidly synthesized using an aqueous seed extract with AgNO3 solution within 30 minutes and their size ranged between 10 – 30 nm. However, the synthesized NPs showed spherical morphology with an average diameter of 13 nm when observed under transmission electron microscope (TEM). A. indica Ag-NPs showed enhanced bactericidal action against gram-positive (Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus warneri) and Gramnegative (Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii) strains compared to raw A. xi indica seed extract. However, Ag-NPs interacted with the bacterial membrane, caused cellular leakage and ultimately cell death as evident from TEM images. Moreover, AgNPs reduced congo red (CR) and methylene blue (MB) that suggests their catalytic potential in the removal of industrial organic dyes.C. ciliaris Ag-NPs are prepared by using Cenchrus ciliaris seeds exudates. Increasing C. ciliaris concentration leads to a reduction in the particle size and the agglomeration between the NPs. The results showed that synthesized Ag-NPs (1-3CC) are less agglomerated and exhibited significant antimicrobial potential against various bacterial strains compared to 4-5CC This report highlights the effect of nanocatalyst on the degradation rate of toxic contaminants, methylene blue (MB) and congo red (CR) by NaBH4 in an eco-friendly manner. In addition, Ag-NPs were loaded with anticancer drugs (ACD) [doxorubicin (Dox) hydrochloride, and daunorubicin (Dono)] to develop novel drug carrier with high loading capacity and rapid drug adsorption rate to hampered the side effects of ACD. The loading capacity of ACD was investigated as a function of contact time and adsorption dosages had a maximum adsorption capacity of 404.19 and 253.85 mg/g for Dox and Dono respectively. Moreover, kinetic models were conducted to evaluate the adsorption kineticsThe anti-microbial activities of the Ag-NPs were tested against various bacterial strains, thick wall of peptidoglycan (PG) in Gram positive strains made them less vulnerable to Ag-NPs penetration. Cell wall of Gram negative strains facilitate the entry of NPs makes difference in the bactericidal activity of Ag-NPs. However, Ag-NPs interacted with the bacterial membrane, caused cellular leakage and ultimately cell death as evident from TEM images.This work also highlights the effect of nano catalyst on the degradation rate of toxic contaminants, methylene blue (MB) and congo red (CR) by NaBH4 in an ecofriendly manner. Moreover, Ag-NPs reduced CR and MB that suggests their catalytic potential in the removal of industrial organic dyes. The current findings will provide an insight for the preparation of green bactericidal, anticancer, anthelmintic and catalytic agents that can be used in biomedical applications.