پروفیسر محمد حبیب
پروفیسر محمد حبیب ہندوستان کی قرون وسطیٰ کی تاریخ کے نامور مورخ تھے، اس کے ماہر جانے جاتے تھے، پوری عمر مسلم یونیورسٹی سے وابستہ رہے، اور شعبہ تاریخ کی صدارت سے ریٹائر ہوئے، وہ صحیح معنوں میں طالب علم تھے، ان کی پوری زندگی تعلیم و تدریس اور تالیف و تصنیف میں گذری، اس کا ان کو ایسا چسکا تھا کہ ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد بھی مسلم یونیورسٹی کے طلبہ کی علمی و تعلیمی رہنمائی کرتے رہتے تھے، انہوں نے اسلامی ہندکی تاریخ پر سیکڑوں مضامین لکھے، لیکن اس کے بعض پہلووں کے متعلق ان کے خیالات دوسرے مسلمان مورخین سے مختلف تھے، اور اس میں اعتدال و توازن نہ تھا، جس کا نمونہ ان کی کتاب محمود غزنوی اور ڈاکٹر اطہر عباس رضوی کی کتاب کا مقدمہ ہے جس میں انہوں نے مصنف کو البیرونی، بوعلی سینا، خواجہ نظام الدین اولیاء اور شیخ عبدالحق محدث دہلوی کا ہم پایہ بنادیا ہے، لیکن اس سے ان کے علمی کمال میں فرق نہیں آتا، وہ علمی سیاست کے آدمی نہیں تھے، لیکن خیالات کے لحاظ سے پکے نیشنلسٹ سمجھے جاتے تھے، ان کی موت سے ایک نامور مسلمان مورخ اٹھ گیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی لغرشوں سے درگذر کرے، اور ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۷۱ء)
Almighty Allāh sent his messengers to lead and guide the human beings. One of the lessons we learn from the lives of the prophets and their struggles is the significance of the presence of a peaceful environment. During the lifetime of our holy Prophet establishment the for examples numerous find we, (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad and maintainance of peace. The Arab society was famous for battles and the people were wild in nature, but, with the arrival of Islām, they became the most loving and peaceful society in the world. This article focuses on the role of Aṣḥāb al-Ṣuffah in maintaining and promoting peace. Aṣḥāb al-Ṣuffah was a group of people who stayed at the northern corner of al-Masjid al-Nabawī under the constant watch of the Prophet (ﷺ) himself. Aṣḥāb al-Ṣuffah lived in a and life his observed They. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet the to proximity closed learnt from his lectures. So, it can truly be called the first school of the Islamic history. A number of students, schooled in al-Ṣuffah were sent to the different parts of the Arabia and later, to other parts of the Islamic empire, to disseminate the message of peace and love among the people. Their efforts are a significant part of the Islamic history in the promotion of peace.
Agricultural wastes/byproducts have great potential for the production of value added products with special reference to enzymes. Two indigenous carbon sources namely, wheat bran and sugar cane bagasse were used as substrates for carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) synthesis by Aaspergillu niger through submerged fermentation. The fungus produced highest CMCase activities at 3% level of wheat bran using 30°C and pH 5 over 96 hrs of incubation. The enzyme was purified for its further use in food processing. During the purification process, a 3.05 fold purification of enzyme was observed after gel filtration. Characterization of purified enzyme was carried out to find out the most suitable conditions for the CMCase performance; the best enzyme activity was observed at 50°C and pH 4.5. The enzyme was quite stable and retained 37% of its maximum activity at 90 ° C. The SDS-PAGE of the purified enzyme revealed its molecular weight as 47.1 kDa. For efficacy purpose, the enzyme added feeds were given to the broiler chicks in order to investigate their effects on body performance, feed efficiency and for safety concerns. The enzymatic treatment exhibited positive effects on body weight, carcass weight and chest muscle weight. Non-significant variations in the serum biochemistry and hematological parameters were observed. After safety evaluation, the enzyme was employed at various levels in bread preparation. Different treatments exhibited significant variations in rheological properties of the dough. The CMCase application in the bread making process resulted in increased volume (15.45%) up to a level of 250 IU/100g flour (T 2 ) however, excessive dose showed a decreasing trend for this parameter. The treatment T 2 produced bread with specific volume 3.99 cm 3 /g in contrast to that of T 0 i.e. 3.37 cm 3 /g. The external and internal characteristics of bread were also improved by the enzyme addition. Later, the enzyme application in citrus juice extraction also showed beneficial effects. Although the enzymatic treatment had non-significant effect on TSS, density and pH of pulp and juice however, a momentous reduction in pulp viscosity i.e. 74.79% was observed in T 6 (CMCase and pectinase 50 IU/100g each). Moreover, the treatment T 6 gave more clarified juice with 95.70% transmittance than that of control (78.00%); also resulted in 20.00% increase in the juice yield with 90.00% juice recovery. The sensory evaluation of the enzyme treated juice reflected improved taste, flavor and sweetness however; caused slight color deterioration of the resulting juice. The purified enzyme was also employed in carotenoid extraction from citrus peel and the maximum yield (8.60±0.94 mg/100g peel) was calculated in case of T 4 (250 IU of each enzyme/100g peel). The pigment showed more stability in dark as compared to light at 30°C. Furthermore, higher pigment loss was observed at 45°C than that at refrigeration temperature (4°C). It was also observed that freeze drying of the pigment enhanced its stability. It is concluded from the present investigation that wheat bran has a potential for CMCase production that can efficiently be used in bread production, juice processing and carotenoid extraction.