طاہر نظامی
طاہر نظامی(۱۹۵۰ئ۔پ) طاہرؔ تخلص کرتے ہیں۔ آپ پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ معروف شاعر خدا بخش مضطرؔنظامی کے بیٹے ہیں۔۱۹۸۲ء میں رائٹرز فورم سیالکوٹ نے آپ کو بہترین شاعر قرار دیا۔ (۱۰۸۰) آپ کی پہلی غزل ماہنامہ ’’حرم‘‘ لاہور میں اور پہلی نظم ’’اردو زبان‘‘ سرگودھا میں شائع ہوئی۔ طاہر کا شعری کلام ’’فنون‘‘،’’اوراق‘‘،’’ادبی دنیا‘‘ ،’’ادبِ لطیف‘‘،’’نیرنگ خیال‘‘،’’نیا دور‘ ‘،’’الفاظ‘‘ ،’’نقش‘‘ اور تحریریں میں شائع ہو چکا ہے۔ ’’بلا جواز‘‘ طاہر کا ایک غیر مطبوعہ شعری مجموعہ ہے۔ زیر ترتیب نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ فرمائیے:
چلوں تو پیچھے سے جیسے کوئی بلائے مجھے
جو مڑ کے دیکھوں تو کچھ بھی نظر نہ آئے مجھے
میں دشمنوں سے بھی ملتا ہوں دوستوں کی طرح
جسے یقین نہیں آتا وہ آزمائے مجھے
تری طلب نے جدا کر دیا ہے خود سے مجھے
میں کیا ہوں، کون ہوں، اتنا کوئی بتائے مجھے(۱۰۸۱)
تتلیاں اڑ جائیں گی جب خوشبوئوں کے شہر کو
کانچ کا گلدان پھولوں سے سجتارہ جائے گا(۱۰۸۲)
محبت سے تہی دامن بشر اچھا نہیں لگتا
مجھے سوکھا ہوا کوئی شجر اچھا نہیں لگتا
مجھے پردیس میں یارِ وطن بے چین رکھتی ہے
مگر جب گھر پلٹتا ہوں تو گھر اچھا نہیں لگتا(۱۰۸۳)
The industrial revolution that penetrated the world of education forced Islamic boarding schools (Pesantren), as part of education, to mutate in new form to find the ideal format as an adaptive step to keep up to date. Pesantren which have a cultural base of traditional society make various efforts to make acculturation with technology. The efforts of these pesantren can be seen from the number of pesantren websites, which provide information about pesantren and religious programs online. On the other hand, virtual pesantren have also emerged, which do not have a real pesantren institutional base in the community, using online media as an operational base. Some of these virtual Islamic boarding schools have strong buildings in cyberspace, with a wider reach than Islamic boarding schools. Its flexible and open nature makes virtual pesantren have their own community in cyberspace. Furthermore, problems arise when virtual Islamic boarding schools intersect with conventional Pesantren in cyberspace. This research is a library research that uses printed and online media as data sources. This study aims to find differences in the characteristics of virtual pesantren, and their relationship with the dynamics of pesantren in the era 4.0. From the content analysis conducted at several virtual pesantren, it was found that some of them used the same name as real pesantren, thus creating ambiguity of virtual pesantren
There is constant debate between Classical and Keynesian on the issue of the flexibility of wages and prices. Classical economists assume flexible wages and prices and Keysian argue for rigid wages and prices. According to Keynesian macroeconomic models, effectiveness of the policy is mainly due to rigid prices. The effectiveness of monetary policy depends on the nature of price adjustment. In Pakistan there is no precise study available on the topic of price rigidity. Within this context, this thesis sets six objectives using the data of disaggregated consumer price index for the period of July 1991 to March 2016. First objective is to explore the price rigidity in Pakistan by using Frequency and Duration of price change. Second objective is to find out the size of last price change. Third objective is to determine the price setting strategy and its determinants for Pakistan by using the Panel Logit Random Effect Model. Fourth and Fifth objectives are to investigate the exchange rate and oil price pass-through using the recursive VAR approach. Sixth objective of the thesis is to check the exchange rate and oil price pass-through asymmetric behavior to disaggregated CPI inflation. The study concludes that prices are flexible but not fully flexible in Pakistan. Prices are more flexible in food items and rigidity is found in communication, education, and health sectors. Hotel, Food and Transport are high inflation category products and Communication, Health, Recreation & Culture are low inflation category groups. Keynes theory verifies that prices are downward rigid and upward flexible for Pakistan. In Pakistan combination of time-dependent and state-dependent policy is used for price setting. Exchange rate and oil pass-through have moderate effect on CPI inflation in Pakistan but their effect remains for twelve months. Exchange rate pass-through is low in flexible exchange rate regime as compared to managed floating exchange rate. Oil price pass-through is more pronounced in volatile period as compared to less volatile period. Domestic oil price pass-through is higher as compare to international oil prices as well as converted international oil prices to CPI inflation. Exchange rate and oil prices have asymmetric pass-through to CPI inflation. Prices in Pakistan are more flexible so State Bank of Pakistan should try to search other transmission mechanisms through which monetary policy can have real effects in the Pakistan economy.