سرشانتی سروپ بھٹنا گر
افسوس ہے پچھلے دنوں سرشانتی سروپ بھٹنا گراور پنڈت کشن پرشاد کول، ملک کی دونامور شخصیتوں نے وفات پائی اور ملک ان کی خدمات سے محروم ہوگیا۔اول الذکر ہندوستان کے نامور سائنٹسٹ تھے۔ کیمسٹری اور فزکس میں بین الاقوامی شہرت کے مالک تھے، آزادی کے بعد سے ملک میں جو صنعتی ترقی ہوئی ہے اور سائنس نے جو فروغ پایا ہے اس میں سرشانتی سروپ کابہت بڑا حصّہ ہے۔پھربڑی بات یہ ہے کہ وہ مرزا غالبؔ کے محبوب شاگرد اور دوست منشی ہرگوپال تفتہ جن کو مرزا نوشہ محبت میں مرزا تفتہ کہاکرتے تھے ان کے نواسے تھے اور انھوں نے اردو شعروشاعری کاذوق ورثہ میں پایا تھا۔ چنانچہ وہ اُردو کے صاحب دیوان شاعر بھی تھے۔مشاعروں کی صدارت بھی کرتے تھے اور اپنے دوست احباب کوجن میں شامل ہونے کا فخر راقم الحروف کوبھی تھا،اپنے اشعار بڑے مزے میں سناتے تھے۔ سائنس اور شاعری کے لطیف امتزاج اورخاندانی روایات کے باعث وہ ہماری گذشتہ تہذیب اور کلچر کے سچے حامل اورعلم بردار تھے۔ اب ان کی وفات سے جو خلا پیدا ہوگیا ہے اس کاپُر ہونا مشکل ہے۔
[ فروری ۱۹۵۵ء]
The Islamic Jurisprudence has given a great importance to the existence of family system of life. That is why the Qur‘ān has described the laws of family life with details in comparison with worship of Allah. In family system of life, marriage has a great importance but marriage is not only essential part of worship. Its purposes one the existence of human generation along with the survival society where there must be modesty and justice but it is only possible if the family system of life is established on everlasting principles. That is why our Islamic Jurisprudence has declared the willingness of both bridegroom and bride and their family more importance in the marriages. Such marriages are always durable and permanent. On the contrary, if there is no willingness of both the bridegroom and bride in marriages. Then such marriages are not durable and permanent. In marriage a girl is a party and the Islamic jurisprudence has given a great deal of importance to her willingness but in pusthoon society, sometimes such marriages are conducted in which the bride concerned has no approval rather she is forced to accept that bond of marriage such marriages are commonly called “Forced Marriages”. The article below is defining the different kinds of forced marriages in vogue and is trying to find out their religious and dogmatic status as well.
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a plant pathogenic virus belonging to the genus Closterovirus and family Closteroviridae. It is transmitted by vegetative propagation and by several aphid species. It has been reported that CTV has killed millions of citrus trees worldwide. CTV has previously been reported in Pakistan. A survey was carried out in the year 2014 and 1260 random samples were tested from six districts of Punjab and seven districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Results from DAS-ELISA revealed incidence of 28.3 percent in Punjab and 30.8 percent in KP. Seventy symptomatic samples from both the provinces were collected and tested through DAS-ELISA. The major coat protein coding gene of CTV from forty-eight ELISA positive samples were amplified, cloned into pGEM®-T Easy vector, sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was carried out. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed 90-100% similarity within indigenous forty-eight isolates, 91.1 to 100 percent similarity with six isolates previously reported from Pakistan and 97.7 to 99.7 percent similarity with T3 USA, VT USA, VT Israel, RB New Zealand, VT India and an Indian isolate of unknown genotype. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree indicated that CTV population is diverse in Pakistan with different isolates consisting of one major isolate, T3, and three minor isolates, VT, RB, and VT IND. The most common group (T3 like) is comprised of 42 Pakistani isolates including 36 of our samples and is dispersed all over the country irrespective of the region and province. The remaining three groups are related to VT Israel, VT India and RB New Zealand confined to specific regions. One coat protein gene sequence from the major clade were selected and expressed in E. coli Expression system. The expressed protein was purified and used to raise antibodies in rabbits. Our own produced antisera was tested by DAC-ELISA with the infected and healthy plant tissues. The ELISA readings showed positive results with the infected tissues from Pakistan and USA and negative results with the healthy tissues which confirmed the authenticity of antisera. Results indicated that our prepared antisera is more specific and sensitive against Pakistani CTV isolates as compare to commercially available kit. ELISA readings showed difference in reactivity between the antiserum from two rabbits. No difference in the ELISA readings were observed among five bleeds at the same dilution factor which revealed no difference in the antibody titer among the bleeds. Antisera was also tested against four different dilutions of plant extracts and results showed the sensitivity of one antiserum up to 1/100 of the plant extract. We can use the antisera for the indexing of trees in Pakistan and certification schemes could be introduced to reduce the spread of the virus in the country.