58. Al-Mujadilah/The Pleading Woman
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
58:01
a. Allah has heard the woman who was pleading with you, concerning the issue of her husband, and was complaining to Allah.
b. And Allah was hearing the conversation between you.
c. For Allah is All-Listening, All-Watching.
58:02
a. Those among you who estrange their women/wives by declaring them to be as their mothers;
b. should know that they can never be made as their mothers, for their mothers are only those who gave birth to them.
c. Indeed, they utter what is highly contemptuous, baseless and false.
d. Yet, assuredly, Allah will be Pardoning, Forgiving to the one who repudiates by zihaar through an atonement.
58:03
a. Those of the husbands who thus estrange their women/wives, then they wish to retract what they had uttered, let them free a captive before any skin-to-skin cohabitation between them.
b. Thus you are being warned so that you will never utter such contemptuous words again.
c. And Allah is Well-Aware of what you do.
58:04
a. And whoever cannot find any captive to set free or does not have the means of doing so, then let him keep Fast for two consecutive months, without any interruption, before any skin-to-skin cohabitation between them.
b. And whoever is unable for reasons of ill health or old age, then let him feed sixty poor people.
c. All this is decreed so that you may believe in Allah, HIS Injunctions and HIS Messenger.
d. And these are the limits set by Allah.
e. And the disbelievers/disobedient - those who will not comply...
Among different creations of Allāh, Jinnāt have their own independent existence. By essence, they neither belong to the human race nor to the angelic world. One commonality between Jinnāt and human beings is that they both are provided with consciousness and can practice their own free-will in terms of choosing what is right and what is wrong, while angles are deprived of this ability. Jinnāt are mentioned in numerous places in the Qur’ān and the Aḥādīth of the Prophet SAW, so much so that it would be unreasonable to deny their existence. Henceforth, the scholars from every period of time have acknowledged their existence and it wouldn’t be wrong to claim that they all share almost similar views on them. Likewise, every Muslim group acknowledged their existence with the exception of Jahmīyah and Mu‘tazilah. As far as Jews and Christians are concerned, they too like Muslims believe in the existence of Jinnāt. To summarize, it is proven by means of multiplicity (Tawātur) of report from all the Prophets and Messengers and therefore, every follower of the heavenly religion has some sort of belief in the existence of Jinnāt. As far as their influence on the human beings is concerned, there are three major views prevailing among Muslims. There are those who completely deny their existence and therefore, do not in anyway acknowledge their influence on human life. Then there are those who do believe in their existence but are of the opinion that they remain aloof from human beings and therefore, have no influence on the human life. The third opinion which is the opinion of the majority of the scholars is that not only Jinnāt exist but they have the power to influence and affect human beings as well. In this treatise, the opinion of the proponents of the third view is analyzed and their evidences from Qur’ān and Sunnah are discussed.
In this modern age of science and technology, the numerical methods such as Boundary Element Methods (BEMs) versus empirical methods have received great attention from researchers and have become more important for the numerical solutions of a number of physical problems in the fields of applied mathematics, physics and engineering. Boundary element method is a numerical technique in which the boundary of body under consideration is subdivided into a series of discrete elements over which the function can vary. The astonishing advances in this method have made it a versatile and powerful technique of computational methods. The method is providing a fertile research area and the field of its applications is continuously widening day by day. This method is superior to the domain type methods such as Finite Difference Method (FDM) and Finite Element Method (FEM), etc. due to its remarkable features. One of the most significant features is the much smaller size of the system of equations and considerable reduction in data, which is pre-requisite to run a computer program efficiently. Moreover, the method is ideally suited to the problems with infinite domains. Therefore, such method is computationally more efficient, accurate, time saving and economical. Boundary element methods can be usually formulated using two different approaches known as the ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ methods. The direct method takes the form of a statement which provides the values of unknown variables at any field point in terms of the complete set of all the boundary data, whereas the indirect method uses the distribution of singularities over the body surface or the flow field and computes such distribution as the solution for an integral equation. Furthermore, this method is an active area of research in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and it has been very useful in dealing with fluid flow problems. In this thesis, the author has used different formulations of BEM such as ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ methods for calculating the solutions for incompressible fluid flow problems. These methods have been implemented on computer using FORTRAN 77. In chapter 0, the basic concepts necessary in the study of Fluid Mechanics are given. In chapter 1, statement of the problem, literature review and the method of solutions are given. The general equations for viscous fluid flow are presented in chapter 2. In chapter 3, equations for boundary element methods are derived. Chapter 4 deals with the discretisation of equation for boundary element method. In chapter 5, the indirect boundary element method has been used to calculate the flow field around two – and three – dimensional bodies. The direct and indirect boundary element methods have been applied to calculate viscous incompressible flow (Oseen flow) around a circular cylinder in chapter 6. Finally, in chapter 7 both the direct and indirect boundary element methods have been used to calculate three – dimensional highly viscous incompressible flow (Creeping flow) past a sphere. It has been observed that the computed results in all the above mentioned cases are in good agreement with the analytical results. At the end, the conclusion and extension for further work have been given.