EFFICACY OF EXERCISE-BASED TECHNIQUES TO TREAT STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE IN FEMALES EXCEPT FOR KEGELS TECHNIQUE: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE LATEST EVIDENCE

Background of the study: Urinary incontinence is a physically challenging and socially incapacitating situation with a loss of self-confidence. This study aims to narrate the latest literature on the efficacy of novel exercise-based techniques to treat stress urinary incontinence except the traditional exercise using Kegel’s method. Methodology: The electronic searching was done using Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Science Direct, and BMC journals for the latest available at least three articles, including novel exercise regimes to treat stress urinary incontinence. The included techniques are Pilates, Paula Method, and the abdominal Hypopressive exercise technique. All the articles were analyzed, and their results are compiled in tabulated form in this narrative review. Results: All the approaches like Pilates, Paula, and Hypopressive abdominal exercises are effective for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. None of the regimes was found to be completely ineffective; however, the range of usefulness may vary. Conclusion: This study asserts the ideology of inclusion of new therapies into clinical practice keeping in mind their latest literature-based evidence.

Link to System L2s Interfacting for Advanced Receiver Strategies

The size and complexity of wireless communication networks have grown tremendously over the last few decades. Analysis of a wireless communication system requires computer simulations of the entire communication network, spanning multiple cells with a large number of base stations and mobile terminals. This normally involves complex physical layer computations in order to evaluate the receiver performance with the transmitted signals subjected to interference, multipath propagation, and shadowing. Link to system (L2S) interfacing reduces the computational complexity associated with the physical layer performance evaluation of multiple communication links by predicting the receiver behavior under different channel conditions using precalculated lookup tables (LUTs). This thesis investigates the L2S interfacing for different advanced receiver strategies using various nonlinear mapping functions. Different transmission scenarios such as single input single output, single input multiple output, and multiple input multiple output are considered. Besides using the conventional AWGN channel performance as the reference LUT, the mean of different channel frame error performance is also suggested as reference and the prediction accuracy of both have been compared. L2S framework has been implemented using the post detection signal to noise ratio (SNR) values as the received signal quality measure. The existing L2S work for SISO, linear MIMO systems has been extended to iterative and maximum likelihood receivers, where finding an accurate estimate of the received signal quality which is highly correlated to the receiver output is an open problem and needs to be fully explored. Algorithms for the post detection SNR value estimation for iterative and maximum likelihood receivers have been proposed and their prediction performance is validated for diverse communication channels. It is shown that, the post detection SNR value is an accurate measure of the quality of the received signal. However, for MIMO system with single stream encoding, the accurate estimation of the post detection SNR value for each individual link is not essential, but rather an accurate average value over multiple links is found to be sufficient.