آزاد
سکندر عباسی
لوگ اسے مینٹل کیس کہہ کر بلاتے تھے۔، کیونکہ اس کا مزاج کسی سے بھی نھیں ملتا تھا۔ وہ بھیڑ میں بھی تنھا رہتا تھا۔ اس کی عادتیں عجیب تھیں۔ اس کی سوچ سماجی سانچے میں ڈھل نھیں پاتی تھی۔ اس کے خیالات بنا پروں کے پرواز رکھتے تھے۔ اس کا طرز حیات عام دنیا سے ہٹ کے تھا۔ دنیا سے باغی دماغ میں وہ انیک سوالوں کے انبار لیٸے پھرتا تھا۔ اس کی سوچوں کے سمندر میں الجھے الجھے سوالات سیپیوں کی مانند چمکتے رہتے تھے جو اسے ہمہ وقت بے سکون رکھتے تھے۔ گھر والوں نے اس کا نام تو کچھ اور ہی رکھا تھا مگر وہ خود کو آزاد کہلواتا تھا۔ یہ ہی وجہ تھی کہ وہ آزاد کے نام سے بدنام تھا کیونکہ لوگ اس کا ذکر مضحکہ خیز انداز میں کرتے تھے۔
آزاد کو بے ترتیبی سے عشق تھا جسکو وہ اپنے لیٸے آ کسیجن گردانتا تھا۔ اس کو خوف تھا کہ اگر یہ بے ترتیبی اس کی زندگی سے بیدخل ہوٸی تو اس کا کی سانسوں کی ڈور ٹوٹ جاٸیگی۔ اسی باعث آزاد کی حیات کا ہر ایک صفحہ بے ترتیب اور بکھرا ہوا تھا۔ اس کے خواب بلکل ایسے معصوم تھے جیسے پرندوں کے خواب ہوتے ہیں۔ وہ قید سے کتراتا تھا، غلامی سے اسے سخت نفرت تھی ، پابندیاں اس کو پسند نھیں تھیں .
آزاد کبھی بھی استری کئے ہوئے کپڑے نھیں پہنتا تھا ، شکن آلود کپڑے اسے زندگی کی علامت محسوس ہوتے تھے۔ وہ کبھی بالوں کو کنگھی نھیں کرتا تھا اس کے خشک اور بکھرے ہوٸے بال اس کے خیالوں کی طرح ہر قید و بند آزاد تھے۔جدید زمانے میں بھی اس کے پاس موباٸیل فون نھیں...
Humans have always had the curiosity to know themselves, to know the world around them, and to know their place in the world. Morality, spirituality and religion are closely intertwined, ‘certain moral ideas became united with certain religious and spiritual ideas to such an extent as to become indistinct from them’. The role of religion in educational institutions is one of the most sensitive and volatile topics on the political and legal landscape now a days especially in country like Pakistan which has been created on religious ideology. The Islamic Way of Life is based on this unique approach to life and a peculiar concept of man's place in the Universe. Islam has provided mankind with the highest possible standard of morality. This moral code, which is both straightforward and practical, provides the individual with innumerable ways to embark upon and then continues the path of moral evolution. By making divine revelation the primary source of knowledge, moral standards are made permanent and stable. The first part of the paper is about the relationship between education and its role as spiritual and moral tool of training. Second part deals with the concept of education in Islam and third part will present types of knowledge in Islam and their application as moral and spiritual tool of education. Last part will give moral and spiritual training methodology in Islamic education. The relationships between ‘moral’, ‘spiritual’ and ‘religious’ seem to be akin to the relationships between the cluster ‘social’, ‘human’ and ‘political’. In each of these clusters, only beings of the kind appropriately described by the middle term can engage in activities which could be properly described by the first and third terms. Islam as religion of spirituality and morality gives a frame work to educate and train the students in modeling their life as more moral and spiritual with practical application in this life and success in the hereafter. The chief characteristic of the Islamic Concept of Life is that it does not admit a conflict, nay, not even a significant separation between life-spiritual and life-mundane. It does not confine itself merely in purifying the spiritual and the moral life of man in the limited sense of the word. Its domain extends to the entire gamut of life. It wants to would individual life as well as the social order in healthy patterns, so that the Kingdom of God may really be established on the earth and so that peace contentment and well-being may fill the world as water f ills the oceans.
Energy is necessary for human beings existence, which supports for the modernization of the community. Biomass has been one of the main energy sources of mankind ever since the dawn of civilization, though its significance subsided after the Second World War due to the cheaper and easily useable fossil fuels (oil and gas). In developing countries, biomass is a main source of energy in rural areas. Mostly the biomass is burned open to the atmosphere to get heat energy, which lost a huge amount of energy and also increases the air pollution. Due to the depletion and excessive use of fossil fuel resources, the prices of petroleum products are increasing day by day. In Pakistan, agriculture sector is suffer very badly due to unavailability and high cost of energy as the major source of farm power are diesel engines and tractors, which increases the cost of production. Gasification is the most reliable and best alternate to get the energy from the biomass. Gasifiers are the reactors which converts the solid fuels into the gaseous fuels. The biomass can easily be converted into useful gas which can be used to run engines comprehensively. Keeping these points in mind, a research study was carried out at the workshop, Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. In this study, complete small scale gasification system was designed and fabricated to run 15 to 18.64 kW (20-25 hp) diesel engine for tube well to reduce the cost of operation. Downdraft and updraft type gasifiers were designed and fabricated for the production of producer gas. A conditioning unit (cooling and cleaning units) was also fabricated for upgrading producer gas to internal combustion engine quality fuel. The whole system was then evaluated for its performance with different aspects. Completely randomized design (CRD) was used to statistically analyze the collected data. The average gas produced in the downdraft gasifier was found to be 74.26 m3 and in updraft gasifier was 69.72m3 with same (30 kg) quantity of different biomass fuel. The data revealed that in downdraft gasifier, 2.64 m3/kg, 2.21 m3/kg and 2.58m3/kg of producer gas was produced from charcoal, corncobs and coal respectively. While the burning of ricehusk, ricehusk + saw dust and saw dust produced 2.13 m3/kg, 2.30 m3/kg and 2.54 m3/kg producer gas respectively in updraft gasifier. The engine running time (hours) was recorded 1.96, 1.61, 1.91, 1.66, 1.78 and 1.90 with charcoal, corncobs, coal, ricehusk, ricehusk + sawdust and with sawdust respectively. The downdraft gasifier produces less tar contents as compared to the updraft gasifier. The cooling and cleaning efficiency of newly fabricated conditioning unit was 84 % and 98 % respectively. The gas produced was used to run a xvi 15 kW single cylinder diesel engine with dual fuel (25% diesel and 75% producer gas) at rated rpm successfully. The cost analysis shows that it is economically beneficial to run engine on dual fuel mode as compared to use diesel only.