ضوابط قبول التفرد في رواية الحديث دراسة مع أمثلة من تطبيقات النقاد

Tafarrud (Strangeness) of a Hadith means reporting by only a single narrator at some stage of the Isnad. This is not necessary that any Tafarrud (Strangeness) of a Hadith should be weak (Da’if), because the narrator of such  Hadith may make mistake in reporting and may be right. The authenticity of such Hadith rather depends on other factors such as: The reliability of the narrator of Strange Hadith. The earlier stage of the Isnad where Tafarrud (Strangeness) is founded. Close relation of the narrator with the teacher (sheikh). Acceptance of Strange Hadith by renowned authorities in Hadeeth. Another narrator authenticating the first narrator’s account of the strange hadith. Therefore Tafarrud  (Strangeness) of a Hadith should be studied in the light of these factors that determines acceptability. This paper studies Tafarrud (Strangeness) of a Hadith in the light of these factors.

Characterization of Waste Water from Drains and Disposal Stations and Their Impacts on Three Southern Rivers of Punjab

The present study is the characterization of wastewater drains, wastewater from disposal stations and their impacts on the three southern rivers of Punjab i.e. Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Total of 256 samples were collected from 20 selected drains, 3 barrages (one of each river), 33 disposal stations, river water and from selected wells. Out of the 20 drain, 13 drains were selected which were falling directly into the rivers and their impacts were assessed by taking samples after suitable intervals, to study the effect of dilution and to develop their relevance with the potential impact on the rivers through the analysis of 17 important waste water parameters. Disposal stations selected were located in the catchment area of the rivers and had vice versa affected with respect to water recharge and infiltration. Two (2) samples were also taken from the vicinity of each disposal station (at a distance of 100 meter and 200 meter) in order to assess the impact of effluent from disposal station on the ground water quality. GIS mapping was carried out to assess the impact of 13 selected drains falling directly into the river and their subsequent samples (3 samples; immediately after falling into the river, after one hundred meter distance and after one thousand meters distance). Statistics was applied on the results to evaluate the correlation between significant parameters. BOD5, COD, pH, TDS, and TSS had positive correlations with each other. The results of the drain samples showed very high level of pollution load and almost all the parameters were out of the limits. It was confirmed that the bacteriological contamination is present in all rivers. BOD5 and COD load was also present in all the rivers. Comparatively higher levels of TDS could also be found in all three rivers. Although Ammonia was found to be within limits after 1000 meters, however ammonia was above limits in Sutlej and Ravi at three locations. Sulfate was also found out of limits at one point in all the three rivers. The results of the samples from disposal stations showed that all the samples were heavily polluted and only neutralization is taking place before the effluent is discharged in unlined inadequately structured Nallahs (drains). Higher TSS is an indication of low-level and improper treatment. This has caused ground water contamination and almost all the well samples had the presence of coliforms. TDS was also found to be very high showing effect of discharges from the disposal stations (which are ultimately recharging ground water). It was also noted that the wells and disposal station were within the catchment area of the rivers and this pollution ultimately is affecting the rivers as well.