جدید قانونی تصورات پر مذہب اور اخلاق کا اثر: مغربی اور اسلامی تناظر میں ایک تقابلی و تنقیدی جائزہ

Authority is the centerpiece of the law as well as legal system. It cannot be properly understood without adequate understanding of the structure of authority that underlies it. The role of moral and religious values in the law has been a vital issue in classical as well as contemporary legal philosophy. Discussion about the theoretical foundation of the law remains a key issue in the modern legal thinking as a legal system is considered to have emerged from cultural contexts. Western legal systems are broadly grounded in to the Judo-Christian and Greco-Roman cultures. Though a fundamental change took place in the Western Europe as cultural traditions which affected the very nature of law both as a political institution and as an intellectual concept. The creation of modern legal systems was, in the first instance, a response to revolutionary change within the church and its relation with the secular authority. It led to bifurcation of social morality and religion in the modern law. Now most of the modern theories are based on this concept. The present paper presents a study of the origins of the Islamic law as well as the contemporary western legal thought in connection with religion and ethics. The conflict about moral and religious values reflects their code of life and concept of religions. In Islamic law authority-which is at once religious and moral is the will of the creator which is basic source of Islamic law, However, Fuqahᾱ differentiate between legal and moral values

Application of Agent Oriented Requirement Engineering to Bilateral Human - Agent Negotiation

Software development success is based on understanding stakeholder needs and translates those needs into requirements. Requirement engineering is the process of discovering the purpose for which a system is intended. The success of any software product depends on how strongly the requirements are captured. Many daily activities require negotiations, often bilaterally. In such a kind of negotiation, two agents negotiate with each other to reach a consensus. In negotiation, different stakeholders are involved, and they might have contradictory requirements and different priorities. One of the reasons of failures of software is the conflict between stakeholders and developers. Different requirement engineering approaches are in practice but the Agent Oriented Requirement Engineering (AORE) focuses on objects and goals. The AORE models the requirements in terms of tasks and goals. Requirement engineering is mainly concerned with the identification of goals. REF allows segregate goals into hard and soft goals. These goals are then transformed into services and constraints. Then finally the responsibilities for the resulting requirements are assigned to agents such as human beings or software. Electronic negotiation system exists but if there is a hybrid negotiation (between human and computer) then this negotiation process becomes more complicated. The main obstacle in such kind of negotiation is incomplete information as the behavior of human is diverse by nature. Humans do make mistakes as they are influenced by the social and cultural issues. This research is intended to apply Requirement Engineering Framework (REF) and User Story Cards (USC) methodology to the human-agent bilateral negotiation to capture a complete set of requirements. By combining the strengths of these two approaches we presented how requirements can be captured efficiently. REF is a very simple model which has an effective graphical notation to represents objects. On the other hand USC allows to record requirements with consultation of customer representative. These cards clearly state the user view of requirements and states requirements very clearly. With the application of AORE, this thesis proposed a negotiation protocol that facilitates human-agent negotiation. The proposed protocol is run on a case study to show its implementation.