آہ! جناب فخرالدین علی احمد صاحب صدر جمہوریہ ہند
معارف کے اس شمارہ کی طباعت ہوچکی تھی کہ یکایک ریڈیو سے صدر جمہوریہ ہند کی المناک رحلت کی خبر ملی، ملک اس قدر جلد ان کی دائمی جدائی کے لیے تیار نہ تھا، فلک کا کیا بگڑتا جو نہ وہ مرتے کوئی دن اور، پہلے ڈاکٹر ذاکر حسین مرحوم اور اب جناب فخرالدین علی احمد کی وفات راشٹرپتی بھون ہی میں ہوئی، دونوں کی صدارت کے ساتھ،
پیچھے پیچھے وہ دبے پاؤں قضا بھی آئی
وہ جاچکے، جب ان کی سوانح عمری لکھی جائے گی تو وہ ایک پرجوش مجاہد آزادی، قابل فخر محب وطن، کامیاب بیرسٹر، آسام کے معزز ایڈوکیٹ جنرل، اسی ریاست کی حکومت کے قابل اعتماد وزیر خزانہ، پھر ملک کی لوک سبھا کے ہر دلعزیز ممبر، اقوام متحدہ کے ہندوستانی وفد کے بڑے لائق رکن، مرکزی حکومت کے مختلف محکموں کے بہت ہی کارگزار وزیر سیکولرزم کے بہترین نمائندہ، قومی یکجہتی کے زریں نشان اور آخر میں جمہوریہ ہند کے محبوب صدر کی حیثیت سے برابر یاد کئے جائیں گے، ہندوستان کی خارزار سیاست میں داخل ہوکر کسی مسلمان رہنما کا کامیاب ہونا آسان نہیں، کچھ مسلمان قائد ایسے ہوئے جو مسلمانوں میں تو مقبول تھے لیکن ہندوؤں میں اچھی نظروں سے نہیں دیکھے گئے اور کچھ مسلمان لیڈر ایسے بھی گذرے جو ہندوؤں میں تو محبوب لیکن مسلمانوں میں غیر محبوب رہے، جناب فخرالدین علی احمد صاحب کا نمایاں وصف یہ تھا کہ وہ دونوں حلقوں میں عزت کی نگاہوں سے دیکھے گئے، ان کے کسی اخباری بیان کسی عمل کی نشاندہی نہیں کی جاسکتی ہے، جس سے ہندو خوش اور مسلمان ناخوش یا مسلمان خوش اور ہندو ناخوش ہوئے۔
ان کی علم نوازی کی یادوں کی بھی مشعل روشن رہے گی، ۱۹۶۹ء میں غالب کی صدسالہ برسی پورے ملک میں ان...
In Islamic jurisprudence, there are different degrees of inference and reasoning. He is also a mujtahid who, while respecting the principle of a particular religion, differs from his religion only in its branches and does not go against the principles of that particular religion. There is also a mujtahid who has jurisdiction over both the principles and the rules. Such a mujtahid is not a follower of any of the jurisprudential religions. Taqi-ud-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah remarkable, recognized, and medieval Sunni Theologian, jurisconsult, logician, and great reformer today, he is known by the title of Sheikh-ul-Islam. In some sciences and arts, he had Ijtihadi abilities and practitioners. He did not spare a single minute in expressing his critical ability and competence according to his instincts in principles and disciplines. Ibn Taymiyyah's critical ability and competence were manifested in the form of differences in the scientific world of the Islamic world. Due to this, Ibn Taymiyyah faced severe criticism from the academic circles all his life. In this article, it will be reviewed that Ibn Taymiyyah's jurisprudential and doctrinal differences came to light based on ijtihad, principles and his jurisprudential position and status and method of derivation and reasoning of the issues.
Prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) is one among the most common global disorders affecting men and is a leading cause of cancer related mortality. In the present study, TP53, PTEN and AR genes in 680 histologically confirmed prostate cancer patients and 500 controls from Pakistan were investigated to unravel their role in prostate cancer. Exon specific primers were designed for all the exons of the three genes along with flanking intronic and UTR regions. Sequence changes were initially screened by PCR-SSCP and then confirmed through automated sequencing. Our data showed that none of the samples had a complete deletion of any of the three genes. A total of twenty six novel exonic mutations and eight novel intronic variants were detected in the target genes along with the four previously reported exonic alterations. The intronic variants were observed both in cases and controls and thus were further investigated for their possible association with the disease through un-conditional logistic regression under different genetic models. The g.7675016T>A variant of TP53 showed significant association with increased PCa risk under allelic contrast (OR=1.84, 95%CI=1.29-2.63, p-value=0.001), heterozygous model (OR=2.25, 95%CI=1.37-3.69, p-value=0.001) and dominant model (OR=2.13, 95%CI=1.38-3.28, p-value=0.001) while its g.7674991T>A variant showed positive association in all genetic models except TT vs TC and recessive model. In our studied population, we observed non-significant association for g.87891382G>A variant of PTEN in all models except allelic contrast (OR=1.87, 95%CI=1.36-2.58, p-value=0.000), while the other three variants of PTEN showed positive correlation with increased PCa risk. Similarly, both the intronic variants of AR gene were also found associated with increased PCa risk. The AA genotypes of g.67637091T>A variant and CC of g.67724021T>C variant are more common in cases. Homozygous individuals for A allele has 3.68 times higher risk of prostate cancer. Majority of the mutations are novel and thus establishing their pathogenicity is of prime diagnostic importance. A comprehensive structural and functional annotation was therefore reported in the present study for the observed mutations through the application of bioinformatics approaches. It was noticed that 5/8 of TP53 mutations (P152A, T170M, E171R, H179Q and V203G), 7/9 of PTEN mutations (A86P, E91K, H93Q, Q97H, E99X, H272F and E288F), while 11/13 of the AR gene mutations (I870fs, I870_splice, D880Y, E884X, I900V, S909C, K906N, L908P, V912G, I915F and Y916S) were predicted to endorse changes in their respective protein structure and thus are functionally damaging. Phenotypic data was collected in integration with the genotypic data from all the study participants and was statistically evaluated for their correlation and impact on individual’s survival. Age, smoking CVDs, BMI, dairy products consumption, physical activity, family history and hypertension was observed responsible for increasing prostate cancer risk under uni-variate and multi-variate models. The diabetic patients were observed at lower risk of having PCa while others risk factors were found non-associated. Overall survival analysis showed a median survival time of 21 months for the PCa patients (95%CI= 18-26). Intra-group differences in patient’s survival after adjusting for confounder age were confirmed through a proportional hazard model. It was observed that age, BMI, smoking, prostectomy and physical activities are associated with survival probability while the rest of risk factors have no effect on survival. It was further noticed that diabetic patients has better survival length as compared to the non-diabetic counterparts. Our results elucidate the significance of combining molecular and in silico approaches to fully distinguish pathogenic mutations from benign which will have profound effects on the patient management. We also have developed an integrated platform, pakprostate.com during the course of study to provide users the facility to search literature, genes, drugs, to have access to download verified dataset, can upload data, can apply basic stats and visualize data just on click of a button. The repository pakprostate is freely available online at the URL www.pakprostate.com. Case-control samples were collected from all the four provinces of Pakistan including Capital territory, Gilgit-baltistan and Kashmir. It is thus hoped that, this study is a good representation of Pakistani population.