پروفیسر آل احمد سُرور
۹؍ فروری ۲۰۰۲ء کو اردو کے بزرگ استاذ، اردو تحریک کے معمر قائد، اردو کے سب سے بڑے ادیب و نقاد، اچھے شاعر، نامور اہل قلم، غالب و اقبال کے پایہ شناس اور علی گڑھ اور سر سید احمد خاں کے عاشق و شیدائی پروفیسر آل احمد سرور رحلت فرماگئے، اناﷲ و انا الیہ راجعون اور پوری اردو دنیا کو مغموم، سوگوار اور اداس چھوڑ گئے ع مجنوں جو مر گیا ہے تو جنگل اداس ہے۔
اردو کی اس کسمپرسی کے دور میں اس کے ایک نہایت ممتاز عالم اور دانشور کا اُٹھ جانا حادثہ جاں کاہ اور اردو کا بڑا زیاں اور خسارہ ہے۔
موت و حیات کا سلسلہ ازل سے جاری ہے اور ابد تک جاری رہے گا لیکن برسوں کی گردش فلک کے بعد سرور صاحب جیسا مایۂ ناز انسان پردہ خاک سے نکلتا ہے، ان ہی کا شعر ہے
ستارے کتنے یہاں ڈوبتے ابھرتے ہیں
کبھی کبھی ہی نکلتا ہے آفتاب کوئی
ان کا خلا کیسے پُر ہوگا اور اردو زبان، ادب اور تنقید کے نقصان کی تلافی کیسے ہوگی،
اک دھوپ تھی کہ ساتھ گئی آفتاب کے
پروفیسر آل احمد سرور ۱۹۱۱ء میں بدایوں میں پیدا ہوئے، ابتدائی اور ثانوی تعلیم پیلی بھیت اور غازی پور میں حاصل کی، آگرہ سے بی۔ایس۔سی کیا، ۱۹۳۲ء میں علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی میں داخلہ لیا اور ۱۹۳۴ء میں انگریزی میں ایم۔اے کر کے اسی کے استاد ہوگئے۔ اردو ان کی محبوب مادری زبان تھی، ۱۹۳۶ء میں اس میں ایم۔اے کر کے انگریزی سے اردو شعبہ میں منتقل ہوگئے اور اسی زبان سے پیمانِ وفا باندھ لیا، چاہتے تو کوئی اعلا سرکاری عہدہ مل جاتا لیکن انہیں اپنی زبان اور اپنی تہذیب زیادہ عزیز تھی اس لیے سائنس اور انگریزی جیسے سکہ رائج الوقت کو بھنانے کے بجائے...
Those who abused the Prophet r, and accused him of violence, slander and falsely, had never listened to the call of the mind. They should never ignore the one of the most important verses of the holy book revealed from the Creator, Allah Almighty, that Prophet Muhammad r has been sent to the mankind purely for offering mercy. How can they neglect the fact that the Prophet r himself said if he was a leader without mercy, people around him did not accompany him. When we study the life of Prophet r, we observe that all factions of the society, whether they are slaves or independent, Muslims or non- Muslims, men or women, beloved friends or worst enemies; they were behaved not only with extreme justice, but with utmost mercy. So we find that it was a mercy in everything, in education, in advocacy and in legislation, in war and peace, in the family and society, and in all walks of life, etc. In this article, aspect of mercy in the personality of holy Prophet Muhammad r has been discussed in detail. Opinions of the Orientalists are also presented in the article. Aspect of mercy was not only an ingredient of the personality of Prophet r, but He r also made mercy a part of his followers’ personalities. So history witnesses that there was an elongated reign of peace in the world, whenever Muslim Rulers were in power.
Optical Interconnects in Data Center Networks Emerging cloud computing and web-based applications have created a need for powerful data centers. Optical interconnects are replacing the electrical counterparts due to their benefits. Electrical interconnects have various problems like energy consumption, fixed throughput, and limited reconfigurability. The thesis evaluates various optical interconnects in literature and analyzes various aspects of optical interconnects in data center networks. The conclusions of various analyses are used to propose architectures which give several advantages over existing architectures. Main contributions of the thesis are twofold, one: analysis of existing architectures is carried out for the first time in terms of blocking probability, signal degradation, port count, computational complexity of routing algorithm and input and output queueing analysis and two: four new architectures are presented that give benefits of very low packet loss, large port count, reduce computational complexity regardless of port count and contention less behavior under various traffic patterns. The blocking probability analysis involves the analysis of the effect of multiplexing techniques and optical components. The signal degradation analysis involves the analysis of various optical components which affect the signal degradation and ways to overcome signal degradation have been identified. The port count analysis involves the analysis of the limitations of port count of different architectures based on optical components and multiplexing techniques. The computational complexity analysis involves the analysis of the complexity of routing algorithms of the architectures. Various architectures are proposed based on the analysis of existing architectures. The input and output queueing analysis of the existing architectures and proposed architectures is performed by changing the size of the output queue buffer. The affect of the output queue buffer size is analyzed on delay and throughput by changing the load for the architectures. Maximum throughput is also analyzed by changing the buffer size of output queue. The input and output queueing models of architectures are also analyzed by simulation. A contention less architecture is proposed which can reduce contention under various traffic patterns. It exploits optical wavelength, code and space multiplexing. It eliminates the need for electronic buffering, which reduces the latency. It is robust to all-to-one and many-to-many communication traffic patterns. A very low packet loss architecture is proposed. This architecture can show a certain guaranteed data rate between communicating servers. This architecture is flexible and can be made suitable for a broad range of data center applications, by configuring it. An architecture with very large port count is presented. This architecture has large port count compared to other architectures. This architecture also has low energy consumption due to use of passive optical components. It is suitable for large scale data center networks. It is also discussed how various optical components and multiplexing techniques affect the overall port count of optical interconnects. An architecture with low computational complexity of routing algorithm is proposed. If a control algorithm is more complex it requires more hardware for implementation which causes increase in latency, increase in cost and increased difficulty in implementation. The computational complexity of proposed architecture is not affected by the number of nodes. This architecture is suitable for low latency and real time applications. This architecture exploits three dimensions of multiplexing namely; the optical wavelength division multiplexing, optical code division multiplexing, and optical space division multiplexing.