PRISON’S GOVERNANCE IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PAKISTAN: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PRISONERS’ RIGHTS

Prison’s governance is gauged by safeguarding basic human rights in captivity and prisoners’ rights are detailed through rules, norms, and values. The present study assesses human rights paradigm enforced in Pakistan and evaluates the empirical situation in prisons in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa mirrored with the legal governance structure in vogue in the province. For assessment purpose primary data is collected through interviews from ex-prisoners, policemen on duty and some officials of prisons in the province. Documentary evidence is employed to ensure data accuracy before analysis. Secondary data has been utilized to form bases of recommendation in the light of empirics been evaluated. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Prisons Rules 2018, Nelson Mandela Rules and United Nations Rules make the necessary legal paradigm to view the problems been faced by prisoners in the prisons. In the light of these legal instruments recommendations have been framed for betterment in the system of prisons’ governance.

Physicochemical and Functional Assessment of Soy Milk for Value Addition Through Fermentation

The current research work was carried out to characterize the local (Faisal, NARC-II, Willium-82, Ajmeri and Rawal-I) promising soybean varieties. The physicochemical analysis like protein, fat, ash, minerals and fatty acids profile showed the significant variation. Phytochemical test like TPC, TFC, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP) showed substantial variation among them. Lipoxygenase (LOX-1, LOX-2 and LOX-3 that cause oxidation and off- flavor were lower in Ajmeri. The initially three secreened varieties (Ajmeri, Willium-82 and NARC-II) were used to prepare fermented soy milk fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei to evaluate their single and coculture effect. The periodically physicochemical, functional, microbial, antioxidant potential and organoleptic evaluation of soy milk showed significant differences among three varieties and treatments of soy milk. The viscosity versus shear rate displayed higher viscosity in coculture fermented soy milk especially in Ajmeri. Scanning Electron microscopy depicted that Ajmeri soy milk fermented with L. caseishowed relatively more uniform texture and smaller pore size in comparison to L. acidophilus however,it was elucidated that combination of cultures depicting constant and precise pore formation with stronger cross linking of soybean protein that had modified structure stability. Isoflavones quantified through HPLC displayed were higher in comparison to genistein in Ajmeri soy milk fermented with co-culture. Afterwards Ajmeri soy milk fermented by coculture and non-fermented was used to conduct bio-efficacy trial on Sprague dawley rats for Hyperglycemia and Hypercholesterolemia. The studies were intended as study I (Normal rats) study II (Hyperglycemic rats and study III (Hypercholestrolemic rats). The results showed percent decrease in glucose level from 3.61 to 17.11% and inclining insulin level from 1.8 to 8.3%. The value added drink was most effective in lowering cholesterol level from 2.62 to 13.51% likewise the LDL reduction and elevation of HDL was increased. The safety test on liver, kidney and blood biochemistry suggested it as a safe and non-toxic product. The research explored that soybeans are a good source of nutritional food and Ajmeri, Willium-82 and NARC- II have food grade value than other varieties. Furthermore, combination of L. acidophilus and L. casei in the fermentation of Ajmeri soy milk has a valuable effect against hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia is effective in comparison to non- fermented soy milk. Present study colclueded that soy based functional foods should be encouraged in diet to curb from various health remadies and protein requirement can be fulfilled in an inexpensive way by administrating fermented soy milk.