موضوع11:لسانی تشکیلات اور افتخار جالب
لسانی تشکیلات کی تحریک یا روّیے کی مباحث افتخار جالب نے شروع کی۔ماضی کے لسانی ڈھانچے پر سوالات اٹھائے۔ اور لفظیات کے نئے آفاق کو ترتیب دیا۔ ان کا انسانی مسائل اور لسانی لہجے میں اظہاری انسلاک نظر نہیں آتا۔ جس میں شاعری کے ابہام ابھرتے ہیں۔ ان کے خیال میں ماضی اور اس سے متعلقہ تمام روایات اپنی موت آپ مرچکی ہے۔ ان کے خیال میں لغوی اور شعری معنئی کا فرق ایک تسلیم شدہ حقیقت ہے۔ لیکن افتخار جالب نے لغوی اور کشافی معنویت کے خلاف اپنا علم بغاوت اٹھا کر نعرہ قلندر بلند کیا کہ قواعد { گرائمر ، اجتماعیت اور ابلاغ تک توسیع دے دی جس سے چند مغاطے بھی پیدا ہوئے۔
افتخار جالب نے کلاسکیل اردو شاعری کے لسانی کے جمالیاتی اور اظہاری لیجے کے علاوہ ترقی پسند شعریاتی زبان پر سخت تنقید کی۔ حالانکہ افتخار جالب کا جھکاو بائیں بازو کی جانب تھا ، وہ ٹریڈ یونینسٹ تھے۔ اور ٹریڈ یونینسٹ سرگرمیوں میں فعال حصہ لینے کی پاداش میں ان کو الائید بنک کی نوکری سے ہاتھ دھونا پڑا۔ افتخار جالب دراصل نحوی ترکیب کا نیا شعری باطن تخلیق کرنا چاہتے تھے۔ انہوں نے معنی اور در معنی کے حوالے سے کئی سوالات اٹھائے۔ اور معنی میں معنی کو تلاش کرتے رہے۔ انہوں نے زنگ آلود افکار ، فرسودہ تراکیب، رموز، پامال کلمات، بدبو دار تشبہیات اور استعاروں کے خلاف آواز اٹھائی۔ اور انہوں نے اس جامد اسلوب شعر اور پھیکے جذبات کے خلاف آواز بلند کی۔ مگر ان کے قبیلے میں شامل شعرا ان کی بات کو نہیں سمجھ سکے اور ایک مضوعی دنیا کی شاعری کرتے رہے اور اردو میں ’’ نئی نئی شاعری’’ خلق نہیں کرسکے۔ اس سلسلے میں افتخار جالب نے اپنی کتاب ’’ لسانی تشکیلات اور قدیم بنجر پن میں...
Introduction: Student satisfaction, academic performance, and learning effectiveness have all been related to the educational environmental perceptions in medical institutes. Students' opinions of their educational environment might help medical schools discover impediments and opportunities to improve student learning. Objective: To evaluate student perception related to current traditional and integrated learning methodologies in the Gomal Medical College Dera Ismail Khan. Methods: The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaire was provided to students of Gomal Medical College Dera Ismail Khan after approval from the institute. One hundred and sixty-one students out of 190 returned the questionnaire. The data was analyzed with SPSS 27.0. All questions were evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale. Results: The mean age of the students was 21.34±1.73 years. There were 89 (55.34%) males and 72 (42.66%) female students. The mean DREEM score among the students was 116.15±3.73. The highest score among the students was 153 and the lowest score was 42. The scores were higher among males than females. Conclusion: The students were more positive and self-assured. Students had a more positive attitude toward teachers, the learning environment, and the atmosphere. However, they were lacking in social perceptionrequiring attention. KEYWORDS: Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure, educational environment, medical institutes, perception
Influence of "Txt-Speak" on the mechanics of Creative Writing: A Case study of BS(Hons) English Students At NUML Writing has an influential position in educational setting as everyday students write different pieces of writing. Essay writing comes under the category of non-fiction creative writing. Students write different kinds of Essays in their colleges and universities. There are many mechanics of essay writing such as; spellings, punctuation marks, parts of speech, vocabulary and grammar etc. All of these mechanics make an essay intelligible and comprehensible. Any essay written without these mechanics look ‘shallow’. From the last few years, a discussion arose that all of these mechanics are declining due to the features of txt-speak. Present study focuses on to explore that whether txt-speak has any influence to bring the change in the mechanics of essay writing. For this reason, two questionnaires were developed. The purpose of developing two questionnaires was to get as original responses as possible. Conceptual frame work of the present study is related to the two motives of language change: Economy and Expressiveness. Through the analysis of second questionnaire it was found that features of txt-speak have both of these two motives of language change. In order to meet the objectives of the study, samples of the frequent users’ text messages and essay writings that features of txt-speak were prominent in the writings of the frequent users of texting. After this, comparison of the essay writings of frequent and non-frequent users shows that txt- speak is bringing change in two mechanics of writing such as parts of speech and spellings besides this there was no significant difference was observed with respect to punctuation marks. Present study also go against to the opinions of those people who say that language is declining due to txt- speak. It is a fact that whenever a new thing comes in society it is appreciated by some people and few other do not like this change. Present study also focuses on that it’s wrong to say txt-speak is good or bad rather it is totally up to the users of that language. When this language would have enough speakers then get status in society. For present study, through triangulation data was collected and it was analyzed through both ways; qualitatively and quantitatively.