تاریخ کبیر میں امام بخاری کا رواۃ پر تنقید کے اسلوب کاجائزہ

Muḥadithīn have played a dynamic role in the preservation and compilation of Ḥadīth of the Prophet (SAW). Among them the contribution of Imam Bukhārī is unavoidable and remarkable in the field of Ḥadīth and its sciences. Since, he is known “Hafiz and Compiler” and considered as “Imam” and “authority” in the field of both higher and lower criticism. His book "Al-Tārīkh al Kabīr" (08 volumes) is considered as one of the ancient books in field of Ḥadīth and its sciences. This paper aims to describe the methodology of Imam Bukhārī in Al-Tārīkh al Kabīr. He described the biography of thirteen thousand seven hundred and seventy nine only (13779) in alphabetic order. Although his methodology was to mention names of the narrators alphabetically, but in respect with the Prophet (SAW), he gave place to eleven narrators among the companion whom names were started with the names of “Muhammad”. In the Methodology of Imam Bukhārī (RA), it is found that either the narrators are rejected or given authenticity, on the basis of not only his own examinations but he relied on the sayings of other Muḥadithīn as well. It is also pertinent to mention that he awarded degree to a little number of the narrators while left over most of the narrators undecided, because the main objective of the book was to portray the biographies of the narrators rather to make analysis of all the narrators.

Resource Aware Process Migration in Wireless Sensor Networks

This thesis presents a novel architecture for native process migration (PM) in wireless sensors networks (WSN) without the use of virtual execution environment. Resources in WSN are scarce, therefore creating a virtual execution environment for processes so that they can be migrated, put an extra burden on already constrained resources. The proposed architecture for process migration allows live native processes to be migrated during execution. The process migration architecture takes migration decisions by continuously monitoring resources including remaining battery life and free memory space on a node. The architecture is suitable for networks with fewer expensive sensor nodes as it allows for better utilization of network resources. Transferring a live executing process helps in meeting processing demands dynamically, improves fault tolerance and resource utilization, and allows easier network management in WSN. The proposed architecture supports resourcing monitoring, request broadcasting and response collection, target node selection, process code and state transfer, and restoration of native process at the target node. Implementation of proposed architecture has been successfully tested on COOJA simulator and a test-bed of TelosB motes. The final implementation has been compared to agent based systems and virtual machine architectures. It shows a remarkable improvement in runtime energy efficiency and executable code size.