ASSOCIATION OF PECTORALIS MINOR MUSCLE LENGTH AND SHOULDER RANGE OF MOTION AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITH OUT SHOULDER PAIN

Background and Aim: To evaluate the association of pectoralis minor muscle length and the shoulder range of motion with and without shoulder pain. Methodology: A sample of 214 participants with and without shoulder pain were enrolled in an analytical cross sectional study at Institute of physical medicine and rehabilitation, Dow University of health sciences, Karachi.  Questionnaire was provided to all participants after taking consent. Individuals were categorized into two equal groups i.e. one with and the other without pain). Shoulder active ranges were measured with universal goniometer and pectoralis minor length with measuring tape. Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 21 was used for data analysis. The descriptive variables were assessed for frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables were shown with mean and standard deviations and were correlated with bivariate correlation test. Considered significant was 0.05 p value. Results: Females were 176(82.2%) and males were 38 (17.8%). Mean ± SD of age, weight, height, and BMI were 26.82 ±7.50, 58.45 ±12.11, 160.59 ± 12.43, and 22.18 ±3.78 respectively. The pain intensity negatively correlated with shoulder range of motions (rs = -0.307 to -0.775, p< 0.05) except medial rotation.  Significant difference (p< 0.05) is found for length of pectoralis minor and range of motion between groups. There was also weak positive correlation between pectoralis minor index and shoulder lateral rotation (rs =0.215; p = 0.003). Conclusion: The shoulder pain affects shoulder joint range of motion and pectoralis minor length. Decreased pectoralis minor muscle length accompanies limited shoulder range of motion except, medial rotation.

Lattice Boltzmann Study of Flow Fields Around Stationary and Oscillatory Cylindrical Objects in Various Arrangements

Computational fluid dynamics is a fascinating and complex subject due to rapid development of computer technology, high level programming languages and new developed numerical techniques for unlimited set of different engineering applications. The study of wake structure mechanism behind the cylindrical objects is important for practical applications in wind engineering, aerodynamics, and electronics cooling. The main objective of this study is to systematically investigate the stationary and oscillatory flow problems using the lattice Boltzmann method. The oscillating flow fields are common flow fields in many practical situations like ocean engineering, off-shore structures and similar type of bodies located in a wave environment. Oscillatory motions of small amplitude are very important in the analysis of immersed vibrating bodies. Such motions alter the aerodynamic forces and the pressure distributions as compared to those of rigid body.This may also result to the lock-in phenomenon, where the shedding frequency of fluid becomes equal to the oscillating frequency of the object. On the other hand the oscillatory motions of larger amplitude alter the far flow fields which can be affective due to the presence of other bodies in the flow field. Therefore detailed information regarding the variations of flow fields due to oscillatory motions is very important for designing structures. This study will focus on three main points: (a) Flow past stationary cylinder at various arrangements, (b) Drag reduction in terms of small control cylinders (c) Flow characteristics of oscillatory cylinder arranged in side-by-side or tandem. All these results, most of which have been obtained for the very first time, are of fundamental significance in engineering applications