محمد دین بھٹی (۱۸۸۳۔۱۹۷۵ء) سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ سکاچ مشن سکول سیالکوٹ اور سکاچ مشن کالج سیالکوٹ کے طالب علم اور علامہ اقبال کے ہم مکتب تھے۔ آپ مولوی میر حسن کے شاگردتھے۔ مولوی میر حسن اپنے گھر کا سودا سلف لانے کے لیے محمد دین بھٹی کو اپنے ساتھ بازار لے جایا کرتے تھے۔ منشی فاضل‘ مولوی عالم کے علاوہ ایم۔ اے انگریزی کرنے کے بعد سکاچ مشن سکول سیالکوٹ میں ۳۵۔۱۹۳۰ کے درمیان مدرس کے طور پر تقرری ہوئی۔ بعد میں مرے کالج سیالکوٹ میں عربی‘ فارسی اور اردو کے لیکچرار تعینات ہوئے۔ محمد دین بھٹی اقبال کے ہم عصر شاعر تھے۔ آپ کا شعری مجموعہ ’’ماء معین‘‘ شائع ہو چکا ہے۔ یہ مجموعہ کلام اقبال اور مولوی میر حسن کے نام سے معنون کیا گیا ہے۔(۲۰۷)راقم الحروف کی کوشش کے باوجود یہ مجموعہ کلام دریافت نہیں ہو سکا۔ نمونۂ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
کوئی پوچھے کہ کیا ہوتی ہے تقدیر۔ وہ تھی جو پہلے تھی تدبیر
اگر تدبیر ہو قاصر بہ تکمیل تو تقدیر بھی ہوتی ہے تغیر (۲۰۸)
۲۰۷۔ طلعت نثار خواجہ، ’’مرے کالج کے ادیب اساتذہ‘‘ ، مقالہ برائے ایم۔ اے اردو، لاہور ،پنجاب یونیورسٹی، ص:۳۷۰
۲۰۸۔ ایضاً ،ص: ۳۷۲
This study aims to determine how to determine the contribution of regional taxes and levies to the increase in local revenue at the Regional Revenue Agency of Mamuju Regency. The type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The analytical technique used in this research is to conduct field studies and literature studies. Based on the results of data analysis that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the contribution of local tax revenues has increased in 2013-2014 while in 2015-2017 experienced fluctuating symptoms in each type of tax. Then the contribution of regional levies changes which fluctuate every year in the period 2013-2017. As well as local tax revenues and regional levies contribute to increasing the original revenue of the Mamuju Regency.
In the Native Americans’ worldview, nature holds a special place; for this reason, in our contemporary concerns about environment and its degradation, the Native American literature has been attracting specific critical attention. They not only identify themselves with nature but also have a life sharing bond of interdependence with it. The European colonisation displaced the Native Americans from their homeland. Their natural resources have been mercilessly exploited since then; resulting into fatal diseases and poverty. Hence, environmental degradation continues to marginalise the Native Americans perpetually. Compelled by abject poverty, they have been left with no options but to sell their native land and animals. They have been enduring great pain due to the loss of nature; even have lost their very identity. This research work is the analysis of Leslie Marmon Silko’s Almanac of the Dead, Ceremony and N. Scott Momaday’s House Made of Dawn and The Ancient Child. The novels depict the distinguished features of the Native American’s cultural and spiritual vision rooted in nature. The destructive activities of the European colonisers wreaked havoc in the Native Americans’ life by separating them from their beloved environment. This not only made them impoverished but also destroyed their mental peace. Keeping these issues in view, Silko and Momaday offer a depiction, in their works, of the importance of restoring the Native Americans’ lost identity by challenging the Euro-Americans’ relegation of nature and the Native Americans to a lower stratum to be destroyed and dominated. Finally, the present research reveals that nature is an integral part of the Native Americans’ lives and destruction of it is detrimental to their very existence. The research findings indicate that the selected texts neutralise the Euro-Americans’ misrepresentation of the Native Americans’ intimacy with nature and expose the European devastating activities for colonising purpose under the guise of development and civilisation.