Theological Foundations for Interfaith Dialogue in Islam

According to Qur’an, the difference of opinion among peoples of the world is natural and something that will always be there. However, in order to stop the difference from becoming a conflict, people should hold dialogue. The significance of dialogue in Islam is well understood by the fact that God chose to hold dialogue with angels concerning the creation of man. Furthermore, the Qur’an declares dialogue the greater jihad and arrangement of a successful dialogue is considered as a manifest victory In order to arrange a successful dialogue, Qur’an lays out a number of principles: 1- Dialogue should be held in such a nice way that it may lead the opponent to get a close friend. For this it is necessary to speak mildly and the dialogue must be based on wisdom and sincerity. 2- Dialogue should rest on the principle of mutual respect and should not contain any kind of abusive and taunting language. 3- Dialogue must not override the principle of justice and equality and must not be affected by the past experiences or personal grievances towards the opponent. 4- Dialogue should not address the issue of pulling everyone together, e.g. The opponent (for example a nation) should not be blamed for the evil deeds of few. 5- Dialogue should be held with an attitude that is characterized by patience and tolerance and efforts must be made to keep the vicious elements out from harming the process. 6- Both parties should openly acknowledge and recognize the mutually positive attributes. 7- Imposing one’s opinions upon the opponent must not be the objective of dialogue. 8- Both parties should, despite the inherent difference of opinion, pursue to find practical solutions by striving towards finding a common ground.

Robust/Optimal Control of Minimum-Phase Nolinear Systems

This thesis proposes a framework that provides suboptimal control laws for a class of minimum-phase nonlinear systems. This class includes systems whose state dynamics are an algebraic sum of their linear and nonlinear sub-dynamics. We propose a systematic method of designing a robust and optimal control law which essentially consists of two components a linear and a nonlinear. It is shown that the proposed control scheme achieves stabilization while providing suboptimality for the class of systems under consideration. Furthermore, the framework provides for a mechanism which is suitable for handling tracking and regulation problems for the class of minimum-phase nonlinear systems by using the Internal Model Principle. Astrikingfeatureoftheproposedframeworkistheflexibilityofstartingwithsynthesizing a Linear-Quadratic-Regulator for linear sub-dynamics of the system and then including a nonlinear control component that stabilizes the nonlinear sub-dynamics of the system. The flexibility offered by the proposed framework is applied firstly to a general class of linear parameter-varying and linear time-varying systems. We extend the flexibility obtained for these two systems to the class of minimum-phase nonlinear systems which are decomposable through existence of an appropriate transformation into their linear and nonlinear sub dynamics. Moreover, we also propose a simplified approach to obtain an approximate yet practical solution to the nonlinear optimal control problem by replacing the requirement of solving Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations with that of the Riccati partial differential equations,andthensynthesizingthenonlinearcomponentofthecontrollawtoachieverobust and suboptimal stabilization