حافظ فضل حق آزادؔ عظیم آبادی
۲۷؍ شعبان ۱۳۶۱ھ کو صوبہ بہار کے مشہور و ممتاز کہنہ مشق شاعر حافظ فضل حق آزاد عظیم آبادی نے اس دنیائے دوں کو الوادع کہا، مرحوم کی عمر اس وقت غالباً اسّی (۸۰) سے زیادہ ہوگی، کانوں سے اونچا سننے لگے تھے، مگر اس سن و سال میں بھی ان کی شاعری کے شباب کا وہی عالم تھا، غزلوں کے کہنے کا اتفاق کم ہوتا تھا، مگر قومی و علمی و اخلاقی اور فلسفیانہ نظموں کا شوق زیادہ تھا، زیادہ تر اردو میں اور کبھی کبھی فارسی میں کہتے تھے اور شاذو نادر عربی میں بھی طبع آزمائی کی نوبت آجاتی تھی۔
پٹنہ میں سرسید مرحوم کی تعلیمی و قومی تحریک کے علمبردار قاضی رضا حسین صاحب مرحوم تھے، یہ ان کے حیدرآباد کے وفد کے ایک رکن بھی تھے، قاضی صاحب مرحوم کی فیض بخش علمی صحبتوں میں بہار کے جو چند نوجوان ابھرے، بڑھے اور پھیلے، ان میں ایک نام حافظ آزاد مرحوم کا بھی ہے، چنانچہ سرسید مرحوم کے اس ۱۸۹۱ء والے حیدرآبادی وفد میں جس کے دوسرے ممبر مولانا شبلی نعمانی اور مولانا حالی وغیرہ تھے، قاضی رضا حسین صاحب کیساتھ آزاد مرحوم بھی تھے۔
میں نے ان کو سب سے پہلے ۱۹۰۰ء میں جب میری نوعمری تھی ندوہ کے اجلاس پٹنہ میں اپنا ترکیب بند پڑھتے سنا، بلند قد، اونچی آواز، خود اعتمادی کے تیور، لہجہ پر جوش، کٹہرے میں شیر کی گرج سی سنائی دیتی تھی، سامنے علماء اور مشائخ کی صفیں تھیں، جن کی تعداد کئی سو سے کم نہ ہوگی، اکثر کی نورانی شکلوں کی یاد اب بھی دل کو منور کرتی ہے، شاعر نے جب ان کی طرف ہاتھ سے اشارہ کرکے یہ شعر پڑھا ہے:
نشانِ کاروان رفتہ ہیں دل کے اجالے ہیں
غنیمت ہی غنیمت ہیں کہ سب اﷲ...
Consumer Behavior means behavior of consumers about buying goods and services in the market. Consumer behavior entails all activities associated with the purchase, use and disposal of goods and services, including the consumer emotional, mental and behavioral responses that precede or follow these activities. The following article discusses consumer behavior in the light of Islamic ethics, and explains different aspects of consumer behavior according to Islamic moral values and also given suggestions to consumers and marketers to adopt Islamic buying and selling behavior, which is beneficial not only for individual but also to human as a whole. The consumer behavior in the modern capitalist economy plays very important role, not only in consumption but also in the production and services.
Quality and yield of major fruits grown in country are far below their potential despite of favorable climatic conditions. Average yield of apple orchards in Pakistan is alarmingly lower than other apple producing countries in the world. In the fruit crops, either nutrient use is below optimum or in imbalanced proportions. Micronutrient disorder along with nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium deficiencies are of economic significance in this regard. It is estimated that Fe and zinc deficiencies are widespread occurring in about 30 to 50% of cultivated soils on the world scale. Murree is the only apple growing region in the Punjab Pakistan. Geo-statistics and GIS as diagnostic norms have not been used for nutrient indexation in the apple orchards and were neglected from nutrition management point of view. A field survey was conducted to examine the spatial dependence of micronutrients and to prepare the spatial distribution maps for the micronutrients in the soils. Field trials were conducted for site specific zinc nutrition assessment. The specific objectives of study were: (i) Micronutrients indexation (zinc, copper, iron and manganese) of soil and foliage of apple orchards in Murree (ii) Mapping and geo-statistical analysis of micronutrients in apple cultivated Murree area (iii) Impact of zinc nutrition on apple yield and fruit quality parameters. One hundred and eighty soil and associated foliage samples were collected from 30 selected apple orchards using grid of 6×6 m. General deficiency of plant available zinc prevailed in the orchard soils of Murree area followed by slight Mn deficiency. Widespread deficiency of zinc existed in the foliage of apple orchards followed by site-specific deficiency of manganese, iron and copper respectively. Plant available 2 zinc, copper and manganese were moderately spatial dependant in the surface and strongly spatial dependent in the subsurface and lower soil depth whereas moderate spatial dependence of plant available Fe at three depths was observed. Moderate to strong spatial dependence allowed us to prepare the digital maps for spatial distribution of micronutrients in the area. Moderate to strong spatial dependence of plant available micronutrient indicated a need for the development of variable fertilizer (micronutrient) rate technology by conducting field trials in various zones delineated in this study. Field trials were conducted by selecting 6 apple orchards, two from each low, medium and adequate in soil zinc but low in foliage zinc content. Treatment plan included T1= Zn 0 g/ tree, T2 = Zn 20 g/ tree, T3 = Zn 30 g/ tree and T4 = Zn 40 g/ tree with the basal dose of NPK per tree. Zinc fertilizer application resulted in increase in the apple yield and yield components. Thirty gram zinc produced maximum yield in the low zinc soils while twenty gram zinc resulted in optimum yield in medium and high zinc soils. Zinc fertilization increased size, number, yield and firmness of fruit. Zinc application decreased titratable acidity and relative electrical conductivity. Significant interaction between the treatments and location manifested differential response due to native zinc content in the soils.