فصل دوم:قرآن مجید میں آیاتِ استفہام کی نوعیت اور مقاصد
قرآن مجید اللہ تعالیٰ کی آخری کتاب اور انسانیت کیلئے کتابِ ہدایت و نسخہ کیمیا ہے۔قرآن مجید انسانیت کیلئے کتابِ ہدایت ہونے کی وجہ سے مختلف اسالیب اور مناہج رکھتا ہے۔انسانوں کے فہم کیلئے اللہ تعالیٰ نے قرآن مجید میں مختلف انداز اپنائے ہیں۔یہ اسالیب مختلف ومنفرد ہیں ، نہ تو شعر ہے ، نہ مروجہ نثر اور نہ ہی مسجع کلام ،بلکہ یہ کلام کہیں چھوٹی چھوٹی آیات پر مشتمل ہے تو کہیں بڑی بڑی آیات سے عبارت ہے مگر ہرجگہ الفاظ کی رونق اور چمک دمک کے ساتھ ساتھ معانی کا ایک بحر بے کراں ٹھاٹھیں مارتا ہوا دکھائی دیتا ہے ۔اسی بناء پر فصحاء عرب کو اس کلام کی صنف متعین کرنے میں بے حد دشواری ہوئی۔ قرآن مجید میں بیان کردہ موضوعات مختلف ہیں جن میں احکام، شرائع ، امثال، قصص ،عبر،وعد وعیدمواعظ و تاریخ، تبشیر وتنذیر جیسے تمام پہلو بیان ہوئے ہیں، لہذا ہر ایک واقعہ اور حکم اپنی نوعیت اور حساسیت کے اعتبار سے مختلف انداز ا میں بیان کیا گیا ہے۔قرآن مجید کے اعجاز میں یہ بھی شامل ہےکہ وہ مخاطبین کی نفسیات اور حیثیات کے مطابق احکامات کو بیان کرتا ہے،ارشادِ ربانی ہے:
" وَنَزَّلْنَا عَلَيْكَ ٱلْكِتَابَ تِبْيَاناً لِّكُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَهُدًى وَرَحْمَةً وَبُشْرَىٰ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ "[[1]]
"ہم نے یہ کتاب تم پر نازل کر دی ہے جو ہر چیز کی صاف صاف وضاحت کرنے والی ہے اور ہدایت و رحمت اور بشارت ہے اُن لوگوں کے لیے جنہوں نے سر تسلیم خم کر دیا ہے" ۔
قرآن کا مخاطب انسان ہے اور یہ اپنے مخاطب کو منفرد انداز سے خطاب کرتا ہے، قرآن مجید میں اللہ تعالیٰ کا انسان...
“This Quran has been revealed in seven different ways; so, recite it in the way that is easier for you.” This hadith is Recurrent in meaning. The narrator Imam Abu Ubaid Qasim Bin Salam (R.A) has elucidated its recurrence. Imam Abn-e- Jouzi (R.A) has collected all its ways in a Journal. What is meant by “Seven Words” in this Hadith? It has been a controversial point among the ulemas and scholars. And no doubt, it has been regarded as the most difficult debate of Uloom-ul- Quran. There have been severe controversies in this regard, so far as Allama Ibn-e - Arabi has mentioned thirty-five sayings. Some of them are as following:
Some think these are the ways of recitations of seven famous Qaries.
Some think that it means all the ways of recitations. But “Seven” does not means the number 07, because in Arabic language, it is used to describe the plenty of something. Qazi Ayyaz from Earleir Ulemas had the same opinion, while in the later period; Shah Wali-Ullah also had the same views.
Some think that it means seven dialects of Arab Tribes. Imam Abu Hatim Sajestani (R.A) determined the name of these languages. They are Quraish, Hazial, Teem, Al-Rubab, Azd, Rabbia, Hawazan, and Saad bin Abi-Bakar. Hafiz Abn-e- Jareer Tibri (R.A) agreed to this school of thought. The fourth famous saying is that of Imam Tehavi (R.A.) he says that although he Holy Quran has been revealed in the dialect of Quraish. But it was difficult for the people of other tribes, which came of different areas of Arab. That is why, in the beginning, they were permitted to recite the Holy Quran in their local languages, and the words or ways were determined by the holy prophet (P.B.U.H) himself. Later, it was prohibited. There remained only the one way of recitation in which the holy Quran was revealed. HAzrat Sufian bin Aiena (R.A), Abn-e-Wahab (R.A) and Hafiz Ibn-e- Abdul Bar (R.A) agreed to this opinion.
Famous interpreter Allama Nizamul Din Nishapori (R.A) says that it means the following differences in the recitation.
Differences between Singular and Plurals
Differences between Muscular and Feminine
Differences of the causes of Araabs
Differences of Morphology (Formation of Words)
Differences of syntax (Sentence Structure)
Differences of the ways which changes words
Differences of dialects
Allama Abn-e- Qutaiba, (R.A), Imam Razi Qazi (R.A) and Abu Bakar(R.A) and Abn-e Aljuzri (R.A) also adopted this saying of Allama Nisahpuri.(R.A).
This project is dedicated to fabricate and characterize the four different series of cubic spinel structure and then deposit two series of their thin films on silicon substrate. These series associated with the general formula Ag xCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4 , ZnxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4, CdxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4 and CuxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4 where(x=0, 0.2, 0.4 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) employing the ceramic route method. After studding the fabrication and characterization of bulk ferrites, the thin films of AgxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4 and ZnxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5O4 on Si(100) substrate have been deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition technique using Nd-YAG laser having (wave length of 248 nm at a fluence of 2.5 J/cm2 and repetition rate of 20 Hz) to improve the magnetic properties. The deposition parameters like substrate temperature, target to substrate distance, post annealing are kept constant. The analytical techniques X-ray diffractrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, Vibrating sample magnetometer, UV-visible spectroscopy, inductor capacitor resistor meter, Ellipsometry Spectroscopy and Atomic force microscopy are used to characterize them. The main focus of the recent work is on transition metals (Ag+2, Zn+2, Cd+2, Cu+2) doped cobalt chromium spinel ferrite due to their technological and potential applications like switching, data storage and recording media. The basic aim of this research work is to enhance the magnetic and optical properties by varying the doping concentration of transition metals. The importance of miniaturization of electronic circuits has increased the demand of thin films fabricated with new materials with better magnetic and optical properties. Previously no work has been published with theses composition; we want to fabricate such type of materials that have soft magnetic properties which have some saturation magnetization with the moderate coercivity. To achieve this goal first we have doped 25% of chromium (3mB) in iron to dilute the magnetic moment of iron (5 mB). After that select some non-magnetic with zero (mB) and the materials have less magnetic moment to control the magnetic and optical parameters. It has been observed that in first two series AgxCo1-xCr0.5Fe1.5O4, ZnxCo1-xCr0.5Fe1.5O4 the value of saturation magnetization is very low and coercivity is almost zero by doping of nonmagnetic ions and prepared ferrites become super-paramagnetic after that in CdxCo1-xCr0.5 Fe1.5O4 and CuxCo1-xCr0.5Fe1.5O4 both saturation magnetization andcoercivity enhanced with the substitution of least magnetic moment ions. The band gap is narrow for the doping of non-magnetic ion and becomes wider with replacement of least magnetic ions in the composition. As in bulk silver and zinc doped cobalt chromium ferrite have the weak magnetic properties. It has been tried to induce the magnetic properties in these materials with the help of thin films, because in thin films these properties may improve due to their shape and deposition parameters. The thin films of silver and zinc doped cobalt chromium ferrite have enhanced magnetic properties and narrowing the band gap energy as compare to their bulk ferrite. In zinc doped thin film the magnetization and coecivity is higher than silver doped ferrites. So, these thin films are proposed to use in the applications of high density recording media, refrigeration, bio separation etc.