مقاصد شریعت کا تصور اور ان کا اطلاق

According to Islamic Jurists the main objectives, or purpose of Islamic Law (Shariah) are the preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and wealth. These five purposes are designated as necessities of life and these are the primary purposes of the Shariah (Islamic Law). Protection of faith is the first and foremost objective of the Islamic Law as the Quran clearly mentions worship of Allah as the purpose of creation of human being.  Protection of life is the second purpose and according to Islamic teachings human life is sacred. The Quran clearly forbids taking human life of a person without justification. Protection of Intellect is the third purpose as human being has been given superiority over other creatures by virtue of intellect and reason. A Person with sound mind and intellect can think, act, react well, this is why Islam prohibits all kinds of intoxicants because they are harmful and may disturb faculty of reasoning. Protection of Progeny is the fourth purpose as Islam emphasizes on the establishment of lawful relationship between man and woman. It is the foundation for the establishment of a value-based society. Islam considers unlawful relation harmful for individuals and community. This is the reason that Islam prohibits adultery. Protection of wealth is the fifth purpose and the Islamic teachings’ emphasis on acquisition of wealth by lawful means. While the Quran enjoins that one should not earn wealth by unlawful means.  These dharurat (necessities are followed by the hajat (needs) and thasinat (complementary values). However the scope of these purposes goes beyond them and they include protection of civilization, culture, establishing peace, harmony, security, elimination of violence, maintenance of equality, and so on.  In this article all these five kinds of dharurat (necessities) have been elaborated while in the last portion a review has been carried out for their relevance and implementation in the contemporary era.

Economic Feasibility of Integrated Nutrient Management for Sustainable Rainfed Maize- Legume Based Intercropping Systems

Bio-economic efficiency of maize - legumes based intercropping systems under different fertility treatments and its effects on subsequent wheat crop were evaluated at National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) Islamabad Pakistan. Cropping systems were kept in vertical blocks and fertility treatments in horizontal blocks replicated thrice with RCBD split block set up. Five cropping systems viz. maize alone, sole mungbean, maize + mungbean intercropping, sole mashbean and maize + mashbean intercropping and five fertility treatments ( control ; inoculation ( maize seed with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and legumes seed with rhizobium strain (TAL 169) + PK (80-60 kg ha -1 ), (120-80-60 NPK kg ha -1 ); poultry manure at the rate of 15 t ha -1 , and half poultry manure (7.5 t ha -1 ) + half PK (40-30 kg ha -1 ) + inoculation with PGPR for maize and TAL 169 for legumes) were included in research trials. The objectives this study were to evaluate efficiency of maize crop in pure stand and test its compatibility under different legume intercropping systems; to compare the potential of legumes in maize-based systems under biological, chemical and organic fertility protocols for sustainable farming systems and its impact on succeeding wheat crop. Results of the study revealed that poultry manure @ 7.5 t ha -1 + 40 kg ha - 1 Phosphorus and 30 kg ha -1 Potassium) + plant growth promoting rhizobacteria improved maize yield by 38 % while PK (80:60 kg ha -1 ) + Rhizobium inoculation enhanced the yield of mungbean and mashbean by 32 % and 28 % over control, respectively. Intercropping reduced the yields of mungbean and mashbean by 28 % and 23 %, respectively, but maize + mashbean and maize + mungbean did not affect maize yield compared to respective sole cropping systems. Land use efficiency was enhanced 76 % under maize + mashbean and 70 % under maize + mungbean intercropping systems. Land occupancy duration i.e. area time equivalent ratio (ATER) 44 % was higher under maize + mashbean and 40 % under maize + mungbean intercropping systems. In same way, maize + mashbean intercropping 12 posted 18 % higher hectare days i.e. area harvest equivalent ratio (AHER) compared to maize + mungbean intercropping systems (14 % hectare day). Likewise, higher values for aggressivity (A), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), actual yield loss (AYL), competitive ratio (CR), monetary advantage index (MAI) intercropping advantage (IA), resource use efficiency (RUE), agronomic efficiency (AE) and maize equivalent yield (MEY) were recorded in maize + mashbean than maize + mungbean intercropping systems. Higher CGR, NAR values were recorded of maize with half PM + half PK + inoculation. Wheat grain yield improved by 12 % and 11 % sown after mashbean and mungbean treated with PK (80:60 kg ha -1 ) + Rhizobium inoculation respectively. In similar fashion, wheat grain yield increased by 20 % after 15 t ha -1 poultry manure and 15 % wheat grain yield was improved with poultry manure @ 7.5 t ha -1 + PK (40:30 kg ha -1 ) + inoculation. In maize higher crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were registered in poultry manure plots 7.5 t ha -1 + PK (40:30 kg ha -1 ) + inoculation treatment. Same variables increased the pH, NPK and organic matter in soil. Maize + mashbean with NPK (120:80:60 kg ha -1 ) gave the highest net benefit of Rs. 68720.75 ha -1 without wheat in succession and Rs. 96543.95 ha -1 with wheat in succession, respectively. According to partial budget analysis highest net benefit of Rs.148069.92 ha -1 was accrued in maize + mashbean – wheat sequence with half poultry manure + half PK + inoculation.