جزئیات نگاری
ناطق نے ناول میں جزئیات نگاری سے کام لیاہے عصری دور میں جزئیات نگاری کواتنی اہمیت نہیں دی جاتی۔مصنف نے اس کے برعکس اپنے ناول’’کماری والا‘‘میں جزئیات نگاری کو بڑھا دیا ہے اور ہر ایک واقعے کی جزئیات کو بیان کیا ہے۔اس طرح ایک طرف تو تحریر میں خوبصورتی پیدا ہوئی پر ساتھ ساتھ کہانی غیر ضروری طوالت میں چلی گئی۔ وہ اپنی زندگی میں جن حالات سے گزر چکے ہیں انھوں نے ان سب کو بتانے کی کوشش کی ہے۔ایک ایک پل کو اس طرح بتایا ہے کہ قاری’’ضامن‘‘کی زندگی کو جزئیات نگاری کی وجہ سے مکمل جانتا ہے وہ کب ،کس پل ،کہاں ،کیا کرتا ہے سب باتوں کو ناطق نے تفصیلاًبیان کیا ہے۔بات یہ بھی درست ہے کہ جب قاری ناول پڑھتا ہے تو اسے خود حالات و واقعات کو مکمل جان لینے کی دھن ہوتی ہے۔اس لیے اگر مصنف نے ان حالات کو مدنظر نہ رکھا ہو تا تو ناول صرف ایک بیانیہ کہلاتا۔جزئیات نگاری قاری کی دلچسپی کو بڑھاتی ہے۔مصنف نے بھی ناول میں مکمل ماحول کا نقشہ قاری کے ذہن میں ابھارا ہے اپنی جزئیات نگاری کی مدد سے یہ قاری کیلئے انہماک کا ذریعہ ہے۔
The use of a plethora of poverty indexes is sometimes fraught with difficulties. The purpose of this research was to quantitatively assess poverty and to examine the robustness of the poverty metrics. Selecting representative farm homes required a multistage sample technique, which was implemented. A total of 150 rural homes were surveyed using questionnaires. Stochastic dominance and the weighted poverty measures of Foster, Greer and Thorbecke were used in this work to examine the weighted poverty measures' resilience and sensitivity to changes in the poverty line. According to the findings, as people become older and their families get larger, the likelihood, severity, and depth of poverty increases. An asymptotic sampling distribution was utilized to infer whether poverty was larger across a variety of hypothetical poverty lines by stochastic dominance analysis. First-order stochastic dominance was found, with the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of households headed by people over 60 years old lying totally above the other distribution functions (CDFs). The CDF of single families was lower than the CDF of married households, according to the findings. At any poverty level, the CDF of families with more than 10 household members stochastically dominated those with fewer family members. Many households will be lifted out of poverty if poverty-reduction initiatives are targeted at those over 60 and those with big families.
Investigations regarding Galium aparine interference in wheat were made in two different experiments in the Research Laboratory and at the Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during the year 2005/06 and 2006/07. In lab experiments aqueous extracts obtained from roots, stem, leaves and fruit of cleavers (G. aparine) harvested at maturity, and soil taken from a G. aparine infested field were used to determine their allelopathic effects on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at 15 o C and 20 o C. Maximum time taken for 50% germination and mean germination was recorded for stem and fruit extracts. Time taken for 50% germination and reduction in germination index was maximum at 20 o C whereas maximum mean germination time was recorded at 15 o C. Reduction in root and shoot length, and biomass of wheat seedlings due to different extracts over control was 34.0 to 67.9%, 10.4 to 61.6% and 16.5 to 38.0%, respectively. Maximum reduction in root and shoot length, their dry weights and seedling biomass of wheat was caused by fruit extract of G. aparine. Root extract showed 32.4% increase in shoot dry weight and 11.4% in seedling biomass of wheat over control. Soil beneath G. aparine plants significantly reduced the shoot length, dry weight and seedling biomass but increased root dry weight of wheat seedlings. Field trials conducted to measure the competitive effects of five G. aparine density levels (0,18,36,54 and 72 plants m -2 ) on the productivity of wheat planted under three sowing time regimes demonstrated that wheat grain yield loss varied between 4 to 32% with weed density ranging from 18 to 72 plants m -2 in each year. Maximum grain yield of 5480 and 5395 kg ha -1 was obtained in 2005/06 and 2006/07, respectively from G. aparine free wheat and G. aparine density of 18 plants m -2 did not cause significant yield reduction over control in our conditions. The wheat growth and yield determinants like number of spike bearing tillers, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and NPK concentration were significantly reduced by increasing G. aparine density. Sowing of wheat on 7 th Nov. proved to be helpful in reducing wheat grain yield loss from G. aparine infestation. Galium aparine per plant dry weight and seed production which are important elements of weed population dynamics were suppressed with delayed sowing and increasing G. aparine densities in the presence of crop while its NPK concentration did not differ significantly. Response surface analysis indicated that G. aparine density around 40 plants m -2 is most crucial as it results in maximum G. aparine per plant dry weight and seed production. It also explained that with increase in weed density and delay in sowing after mid November there will be a subsequent decrease in wheat grain yield. Analysis of maximum ridge estimate of response surface depicted that maximum grain yield (5780 kg ha -1 ) could be achieved at derived sowing date values of 7 th to 12 th November while maintaining a G. aparine density of 0 to 3 plants m -2 on a sandy loam soil with less than 1% organic matter. On the basis of these findings we can propose that soil incorporated plant residues of this weed will have broader ecological implications on the growth of a succeeding crop and wheat should be planted in early November to get bumper yields and the option of herbicides to control G. aparine at its density beyond 18 plants m -2 should be exploited.