خان بہادر مولوی محمد شفیع
مولوی محمد شفیع ہندوستان میں پہلے شخص تھے جنھوں نے مشرقی علوم و فنون پر خالص مستشرقین کے انداز میں خودبھی مخطوطات کی تحقیق وترتیب اور مختلف تاریخی و ادبی موضوعات پرمحققانہ مقالات لکھنے کاکام کیااور اپنے فیض تربیت سے ایک ایسی نسل بھی پیدا کردی جو برصغیر ہندوپاک کے مختلف گوشوں میں اُسی نہج پرکام کررہی ہے۔ مرحوم کی مسلسل مخلصانہ کوششوں کا نتیجہ یہ ہوا کہ ایک عرصہ تک پنجاب یونیورسٹی کاشعبۂ عربی وفارسی ہندوستان کی یونیورسٹوں میں سب سے زیادہ باوقار شعبہ سمجھاجاتا تھا۔ ذاتی طور پر وہ خود بے حد محنتی اوراوقات کے بڑے پابند تھے، پھرخوش قسمتی سے اُن کوپروفیسر محمد اقبال اور حافظ محمود شیرانی ایسے رفیق اور ڈاکٹر سیدعبداﷲ اورشیخ عنایت اﷲ ایسے تلمیذ مل گئے، جنھوں نے اُردو زبان کے علمی سرمایہ میں کمیت اور کیفیت کے لحاظ سے بڑا قابلِ قدر اضافہ کیا اور اُس کامعیار اونچا کردیا ہے۔
مرحوم بُرہان اور ندوۃ المصنفین کے بڑے قدر داں تھے اور وقتاً فوقتاً اڈیٹر بُرہان کے نام خطوط میں حوصلہ افزائی فرماتے رہتے تھے۔ چند برس ہوئے مرحوم کی علمی وتحقیقی خدمات کے اعتراف میں ’’ارمغانِ علمی‘‘ کے نام سے پنجاب یونیورسٹی نے ایک ضخیم کتاب شائع کی تھی جومشرق ومغرب کے نامور فضلائے علوم مشرقیہ کے بلند پایہ مقالات کابڑا قابلِ قدر مجموعہ ہے۔اس کتاب سے مرحوم کے سوانح حیات اوراُن کے علمی کارناموں کامفصل علم ہوسکتا ہے۔ [جون ۱۹۶۳ء]
Almighty sent his chosen prophets to every Ummah to teach them the lesson of goodness and to avoid evil. The purposes of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) were reform processes: to teach and guide, and pushed the people to Almighty Allah. According to the narrative in Islamic law, everyone's either Muslim or non-Muslim, relative or/neighbor has determined the right to live things. And good conduct is that because Abdullah bin Mubarak said That is, "Meeting old habits, doing righteousness, and forbidding people to hurt you". If human behavior is good then its own life will also pass through fortune and joy, and it will also be the mercy and chain of things for others. Collective relations, interacting with the recipients, and the Family system, is proven to be a source of intelligence. The result of the happy moral is Reality and Heaven of Arman al-Rahman, and the fulfillment of the Prophecy is the wrath of Lord Koran and the Fire of Hell.
In the present study, various series of organotin(IV) [R4-nSnLn where R = CH3, C4H9, C6H5 and n = 1 or 2] and transition metal [ ML2 where M = Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+] carboxylates and thiocarboxylates have been synthesized by the reaction of tri- and diorganotin(IV) chlorides/transition metal chlorides with ligands in anhydrous toluene / methanol. The carboxylates used were 4-oxo-4-(thiazol-2-ylamino)but-2-enoic acid (HL1), 4-oxo-4-(thiazol-2-ylamino) butanoic acid (HL2), 4-oxo-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl) phenylamino)butanoic acid (HL3) and 4-oxo-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino)but-2-enoic acid (HL4) whereas thiocarboxylates used were potassium salts of oxo-methyl, oxo-ethyl, oxo-propyl, oxo-isopropyl, oxo-butyl and oxo-isobutyl carbonodithioate (HL5-HL10. The coordination behavior of the donor groups and structural assignments assignment were made by using different analytical techniques such as elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear (1H and 13C) NMR, TGA, X-ray single crystal analysis, semiempirical and DFT. Based on these results, it is observed that the ligands (carboxylates and thiocarboxylates) coordinate to metals (Zn, Cd, Hg and Sn) through [O, O] or [S, S] donor sites. Triorganotin(IV) demonstrate mostly trigonal bipyramidal geometry in the solid and sometimes in solution whereas diorganotin derivatives are hexacoordinated in the solid (skew-trapezoidal geometry) and have an equilibrium between hexa- and penta-coordination in non-coordinating solvent. The interaction of the synthesized complexes with DNA was investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy. A hypochromic effect along with obvious hypsochromic (blue shift) and in some cases bathochromic (red shift) was observed. These are the signs of intercalative mode of interaction. The negative values of ΔG assign the spontaneity of complex-DNA adduct formation. The binding constants K were also calculated from from the intercept-to-slope ratios of A0/(A-A0) vs. 1/[DNA] plots by using the Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The synthesized complexes were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against various strains of bacteria and fungi. The triorganotin(IV) derivatives have more bactericidal and fungicidal activity than diorganotin(IV) complexes. Most of the compounds were found to have biologically active comparable to the reference drugs and some were found even more active. These observations suggest that these compounds may be used as bactericides and iii fungicides in future. The cytotoxic activities of these complexes present a new line of antitumor agents and could also serve as a potential source of chemoprotective agent(s) which is the major challenge for the chemists/pharmacists at the present time. The compounds were screened for the antileishmanial activity and observed that they have high activity even more than the standard drug, amphotericin B. Some representative compounds were also found to be effective antioxidant of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). All series were screened for protein kinease inhibition activity and some of these compounds showed excellent activity of kinease inhibition. Semiempirical and DFT studies demonstrate that a large HOMO-LUMO gap indicates a stable molecule with low chemical reactivity, while a small EHOMO is associated with an unstable molecule with high chemical reactivity. The bond angles and bond lengths calculated from theoretical studies were comparable with bond angles and bond lengths observed in the crystal structure. The compounds were subjected to thermal decomposition by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). Decomposition kinetics i.e., order of reaction, activation energy, enthalpy and entropy were calculated for each step of decomposition. The synthesized complexes have positive values of activation energy and enthalpy.