حرفِ خاک
اردو شاعری قدیم روایت کی حامل ہے ۔جس میں ہر شاعر نے اپنا حصہ ڈالا ہے ۔شاعری کی حساسیت اسے مجبور کرتی ہے کہ معاشرتی جبر کو بیان کرے ۔اس کے لیے تشبیہات و استعارات ایسے مورچے ہیں جس کی آڑ میں وہ جبر ،بربریت کو بآسانی بیان کر سکتا ہے ۔
جب ہم منان لطیف ؔ کی نظموں کا مطالعہ کرتے ہیں تو کائنات اور اس کے باسیوں کی حقیقت کھل کر سامنے آتی ہے ۔آوارگانِ خاک تب سے اب تک اور اب سے نجانے کب تک گردشِ ایام کی دبیز تہوں میں غوطہ زن ہو تا رہے گا اور چار پہیوں کی تلاش میں مقامِ انسانیت کھوتا رہے گا ۔احساسِ برتری ایک ایسا زہر ہے جسے انسان ناز پرور ہونٹوں سے اپنے رگ و پے میں اتارتا چلا جاتا ہے۔
’’گردشِ خاک‘‘میں انسانیت سسکتی بلکتی نظر آتی ہے ۔جیسے یہ جہان تندور کی مانند ہے جو اس میں داخل ہوتا ہے وہ اس میں جلتا دکھائی دیتا ہے ۔شکاری جال پھیلائے ہر لمحہ شکار کے منتظر ہیں ۔انسان آزاد و خود مختار ہو کر بھی پابہ زنجیر نظر آتا ہے ۔چھپکلیوں کی طرح حرص ،ہوس ،لالچ ،بغض اور کینہ پروری کی دیواریں چاٹتا نظر آتا ہے ۔
ایک طرف انسان قیاس آرائیوں میں چپ چاپ صبر کا کفن اوڑھ لیتا ہے ۔کئی سنتو رانیاں پریمی کے انتظار میں زندگی کے دن گن گن کر اپنی لٹیں اداس اور چھاتیاں خشک کر لیتی ہیں ۔منان لطیفؔ کی نظموں میں یہ احساس خاصاگہرا ہے ،جودراصل حالات و واقعات کی تصویر کاری ہے ۔
ڈاکٹرمحمد یسین رازؔ
شعبہ اردو
ہزارہ یونیورسٹی...
Prison’s governance is gauged by safeguarding basic human rights in captivity and prisoners’ rights are detailed through rules, norms, and values. The present study assesses human rights paradigm enforced in Pakistan and evaluates the empirical situation in prisons in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa mirrored with the legal governance structure in vogue in the province. For assessment purpose primary data is collected through interviews from ex-prisoners, policemen on duty and some officials of prisons in the province. Documentary evidence is employed to ensure data accuracy before analysis. Secondary data has been utilized to form bases of recommendation in the light of empirics been evaluated. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Prisons Rules 2018, Nelson Mandela Rules and United Nations Rules make the necessary legal paradigm to view the problems been faced by prisoners in the prisons. In the light of these legal instruments recommendations have been framed for betterment in the system of prisons’ governance.
Effects of chromium loaded chitosan nanoparticles supplementation on growth, serum metabolites and intestinal histology in broilers The present research was aimed to evaluate the effects of chromium loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Cr-CNPs) on production performance, viscera development, serum metabolites and intestinal histology in broilers. Two hundred (200), one-day-old, broilers were randomly divided into five groups with five replicates (n=8). Birds in the first group served as control and were fed corn soya-bean based diet, while the remaining four supplemented groups were offered 200, 400, 800, and 1200 µg Cr-CNPs/kg of feed, respectively, for 35 days. Weight gain, feed intake, and FCR remained unaffected with Cr-CNPs supplementation. No changes were observed in the relative weights of viscera. The relative length of the small intestine was decreased in birds supplemented with 200 and 800 µg Cr-CNPs/kg feed compared with the 1200 µg Cr-CNPs supplemented and control groups. Serum metabolites remained unaffected with Cr-CNPs supplementation except for the serum HDL that was increased. Cr-CNPs decreased the retention of chromium in the bone at higher concentrations. Jejunal villus height, villus surface area, and villus height to crypt depth ratio were increased in 800 µg Cr-CNPs supplemented group. In conclusion, Cr-CNPs did not affect growth performance, viscera development, and most of the serum metabolites but enhanced jejunal morphological attributes at 800 µg Cr-CNPs/kg of feed. Effects of chromium loaded chitosan nanoparticles on the electrophysiological indices and glucose transporters in broilers The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of chromium loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Cr-CNPs) on electrophysiological indices, gene expression of glucose transporters and tissue glycogen in broilers. Two hundred (200), one-day-old, broilers were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D, and E) each having five replicates (n=8). Group-A was fed a corn-soya-bean meal-based diet, while the diets of groups B, C, D, and E were supplemented with 200, 400, 800 and 1200µg Cr-CNPs/kg of feed, respectively. On day 35, eight birds per treatment were killed to obtain segments of jejunum for electrophysiological study using Ussing chambers. Additionally, two birds per replicate were randomly killed to collect the jejunum for mRNA quantification of glucose transporters and tissues for the detection of glycogen content. The basal short-circuit current (Isc) and tissue conductance (Gt) before the addition of glucose were the same in all the groups. After the addition of glucose, change in short circuit current (ΔIsc) was decreased (P<0.05) in the birds supplemented with group C and group E compared with the control group without affecting change in tissue conductance (ΔGt). Gene expression of SGLT-1 and GLUT-2 remained unaffected (P<0.05) with Cr-CNPs supplementation. The liver glycogen content decreases (P<0.05) linearly with CrCNPs supplementation while no effects were observed in muscle glycogen content. In conclusion, Cr-CNPs supplementation decreases the glucose absorption and liver glycogen content in a dosedependent manner without affecting the gene expression of glucose transporters.